Unit 5 Lesson 9: Evaluating Design
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catalyst
a substance that causes an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction
The apple juice industry produces high volumes of apple pomace as a waste product. In the past, this waste has added an extra expense to manufacturing, as it needed to be safely disposed of. If left in piles to rot, it would create a stink and a potential environmental and health hazard.
An acidified hot water extraction process has been developed that is effective in extracting at least 30% of the mass of the pomace as valuable chemicals, including antioxidants and carbohydrates. Researchers found that this extract was excellent to add to yogurt, which gives it a higher fiber content and higher levels of antioxidants, two characteristics that interest consumers.
Name two traditional uses for pomace before modern science developed advanced extraction technologies.
animal food, fertilizer for fields
What are three possible criteria for refining a system for extracting compounds from pomace?
Use more environmentally friendly solvents. Lower the cost of extraction. Extract at least 25% of the mass of the pomace.
Identify at least one possible constraint in converting an organic solvent extraction process to a hot, high-pressure acidified water process.
the amount of down time required to refit equipment for the conversion
Predict what the effects would be of using cold, low-pressure water to extract chemicals from the pomace. Predict a difficulty that might be associated with the acidified hot water process and a potential solution to that challenge.
The cold-water process might not work, or it might go more slowly. The hot acidified water process might cause a waste disposal problem, but this could possibly be solved by recycling the acidified water.
List four improvements to the production of ibuprofen that German chemists proposed in the 1990s.
• Three chemical reactions are required instead of six. • Each reaction is catalyzed. • Fewer solvents are required to dissolve chemicals in the reactions. • Unreacted chemicals are collected.
List three ways using fewer solvents meets the criterion of reducing costs.
Fewer materials need to be purchased, processing costs are reduced, and the cost of disposal of contaminated materials is reduced.
What was pomace used for tradaitonally
raditionally, this material has been used as filler in animal feed or has been returned to fields as fertilizer or compost. However, the supply of pumace is greater than the demand for these uses.
An example of a potentially reusable material is pomace,
An example of a potentially reusable material is pomace, the pulp that remains after extracting nut or olive oil or fruit and vegetable juices.
how was pomace extracted
Extraction technologies—the processes used to remove oils and chemicals from raw food materials—have improved over time. Some extraction processes use organic solvents, which can pose environmental and health risks. Other processes have been tried that use catalysts. These processes accelerate the processing and so increase efficiency.
how is pomace extracted now
In recent years, an extraction refinement that uses high-pressure, high-temperature water as a solvent has been developed. Using water instead of other chemicals eliminates hazardous waste products from the process and reduces expenses. In addition, manufacturing facilities can be much simpler than those that use harsh chemicals.
After the desired chemicals are extracted, they may be sold dried, as an oil, or as a juice. T
They may be used in products such as vitamins or as artificial flavorings or colorants to enhance food products. Phenolic compounds extracted from pomace possess antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties.
The apple juice industry produces high volumes of apple pomace as a waste product. In the past, this waste has added an extra expense to manufacturing, as it needed to be safely disposed of. If left in piles to rot, it would create a stink and a potential environmental and health hazard.
An acidified hot water extraction process has been developed that is effective in extracting at least 30% of the mass of the pomace as valuable chemicals, including antioxidants and carbohydrates. Researchers found that this extract was excellent to add to yogurt, which gives it a higher fiber content and higher levels of antioxidants, two characteristics that interest consumers.