1.2 Ultrastructure Of Cells

Structures of a biological organism that are at least one nanometer in their smallest dimension

Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure than prokaryotes

Light microscope magnification limited by visible light spectrum, electron microscope has better resolution. Light microscope allows observation of cell structure, while electron microscope allows observation of ultrastructure

The shortest distance between two points that can be distinguished

Cell that does not contain a nucleus with a simple structure and no compartmentalization. Simplest system that allows life.

General area within a prokaryote where genetic information is stored

Process through which prokaryotes divide wherein the DNA is replicated semi-conservatively, the cell elongates and pinches off into two genetically identical daughter cells

Cells that possess both a nucleus and a complex ultrastructure with compartmentalization

• localized and controlled enzyme conditions = efficient metabolism • localized conditions • toxic substances can be isolated • numbers and locations of organelles can be changed

Spherical membrane possessing double membrane with pores for mRNA passage. Stores genome and transcribes mRNA.

Possessing a double membrane consisting of a folded inner membrane called cisternae, responsible for cell respiration and the production of ATP. Site of RNA.

80S ribosomes that are larger than prokaryotes, responsible for the synthesis of proteins used within the cell

80S ribosomes attached, site of protein synthesis, those proteins transported by vestibules to Golgi apparatus for excretion cells. Located close to the nucleus.

Flattened membrane sacs, close to plasma membrane. Modifies, or folds proteins to prepare them for excretion.

Containing strong digestive enzymes that break down food waste and recycle organelles. Due to high enzymatic concentration they stain dark under a microscope.

Storage units with a single membrane. Central vacuole in a plant occupies majority of space and provides structure.

Unique to animal cells, tail like structure used for movement

Animal only hairlike fibers on the outside of a cell that aid in movement and response

Cylindrical fibers that have a variety of functions and play a role in cell division

Possessed by many but not all plant cells, site of chlorophyll. Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacks of thylakoids that increase surface area. Site of photosynthesis and glucose production.

Stored as starch

Extra cellular, not considered an organelle. Secreted by all plant cells, consisting of permeable and strong cellulose that is difficult to digest.

• eukaryotes have separate membrane bound nucleus • prokaryotes had free flowing DNA in the cytoplasm • eukaryotes have complex compartmentalized membrane bound organelles

Controls and regulates material exchange