Ochem 1
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Hydrazine
N2H4
Why are alcohols soluble in water?
They can H bond with water
Cycloalkanes and ring strain • How much ring strain do big, small, bicyclic & monocyclic cycloalkanes have?
• Cycloalkanes w/ LESS than 6 C’s have increasingly more ring strain • Really BIG (10+) rings have enough freedom to approximate 109.5º • BICYCLICring systems haveMOREring strain thanMONOcyclic rings
1º,2º,3º OH groups have 1,2, and 3 ___ ___ which do what to charge? What does this mean?
Have 1,2, and 3 donating groups to destabilize charge this is why 3º is less acidic than 1º
Hückel’s Rule (for aromaticity) to exhibit aromaticity a ring must have EXACTLY __+__ electrons
to exhibit aromaticity a ring must have EXACTLY: 4n+2π electrons From what I’ve gathered, “n” is just 1 (at least it is for benzene…( 4(1) + 2π= 6 )
Hemiketal
Alkenes are _____s! Why?
Nucleophiles! • π bonds are e’ dense and will attach E:philes • forming a new bond to one of the C’s • and leaving a CCI on the other • CCI then attacked by a Nu:
What does an SN2 rxn look like?
Rank BOND REACTIVITY for: • Single bonds • Double bonds • Triple bonds
triple>double>single more reactive bc of π bonds
3º ROHs can only be oxidized into ___?
PSYCHE! They cant be oxidized at all!
1º ROH can be oxidized into?
1º ROH⇒Aldehydes⇒Carboxylic Acids
Alcohols are less/more acidic than water • Rank alcohol acidity
LESS acidic than water • ROH acidity increases from: • (most acidic) 1>2>3 (least acidic)
Imine
Hybridization: sp3, 1 LP
Trigonal Planar
Hybridization: sp3d, 2 LPs
T-shaped
What is a racemic mixture a mixture OF?
50/50 mix of R and S enantiomers
Anomers • If anomeric OH/OR group and CH2OH group are on opposite sides of the ring, what kind of anomer is it?
ALPHA anomer on the “Alpha-site side”
Alcohols behave as either: ___s or as a ___
1) Nucleophiles * (the lone pair on oxygen acts as a Lewis base) 2) Lewis acids • ..when they are oxidized to carbonyl groups • the oxygen ACCEPTS A PAIR OF ELECTRONS (Lewis Acid) from the O-H bond as the proton is abstracted
Hybridization: sp3d2, 1 LP
Square Pyramidal
Are Alkyl substituents strong or weak e’ donating groups?
weak
Absolute conformation (__ & __)how do you assign priority to 4 R groups?
Assign priority starting with: HIGHEST MW (heavier=higher priority, i.e. 4) (lighter, like H=lower priority, i.e.1) If 1–>3 is clockwise=R If 1–>3 is counter clockwise =S
Gringard Synthesis: Describe the 2 steps (using R-MgBr)
1) Mg has VERY LOW ELECTRONEGATIVITY • so the R group in R-MgBr attacks the electrophilic carbonyl C • Occurs in single step • kicking e’s in C=O bond onto the oxygen 2) (-) charged oxygen is protonated * yielding an alcohol
What are diastereomers?
Have same MF & connectivity (like steroisomers) • are NON-identical, NON-superimposable* • mirror images*
Amine