Topic 10 - Organic Chemistry

• have reactive double bonds - form addition polymers

alcohol

• increase in b.pt down the homologous series • increase in strength of Van der Waals/London/dispersion forces • increase in size of molecule/number of electrons

• same general formula • successive members differ by a CH2 chain • same functional group • similar chemical properties • gradual change in physical properties (e.g. m.pt/b.pt)

carbon’s ability to link itself to form chains and rings

contain only single bonds

compounds containing double or triple bonds

• compounds that don’t contain a benzene ring - can be saturated or unsaturated

• compounds that contain a benzene ring - all are unsaturated

• electron-deficient species • attracted to electron-rich parts of molecules • positive ions or at least have partial positive charge • act as lewis acids

• electron-rich species • attracted to parts of molecules that are electron-deficient • nucleophiles have a lone pair of e-s and may also have negative charge • act as lewis bases

• occurs when 2 reactants combine to form a single product - characteristic of unsaturated compounds

• occurs when 1 atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by a different atom or group • characteristic of saturated and aromatic compounds

• AKA condensation reaction • occurs when 2 molecules join together (addition) and in the process small molecules are lost (elimination) • reaction occurs between a functional group in each reactant

bond-breaking reactions

• when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of e-s between the 2 products • produces 2 free radicals, each with 1 unpaired e-

• when a covalent bond breaks and the shared pair of e-s go to one product • produces 2 oppositely-charged ions

families of compounds used to classify organic compounds

each successive member differs by a -CH2- group

CnH(2n+2)

CnH(2n+1)OH

• increasing boiling point down the group

• each successive member differs by a -CH2- group • members of a homologous series are represented by the same general formula • members show a gradation in physical properties • members of a series have similar chemical properties

• shows every bond and atom - usually 90/180 degree (and 120 degree) angles are used as this is the clearest possible representation in 2D