The Ozone Story
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What happens when energy interacts with matter?
Translation. Rotation. Vibration. Electron energy.
What are the responses to excitation to a higher energy state.
Ionisation. Dissociation, forming radicals. Releasing energy.
Define heterolytic fission.
Both shared electrons go to one atom, causing it to become negatively charged.
Define homolytic fission.
One of the shared electrons goes to each atom.
Describe the initiation, propagation and termination stages of Chlorine and Hydrogen.
Initiation: Cl2 + HV > Cl• + Cl•. Propagation: Cl• + H2 > HCl + H•. H• + Cl2 > HCl + Cl•. Termination: H• + H• > H2 Cl• + Cl• > Cl2 H• + Cl• > HCl.
What factors affect rate of reaction?
Concentration. Temperature. Intensity of radiation. Surface area. Catalyst.
Describe how homogeneous catalysts work.
Forms an intermediate compound when reacting with reactants. Breaks down to give the product and reform the catalyst.
Describe the removal of ozone.
X+O3>XO+O2. XO+O>X+O2. O+O3>O2+O2.
Define electronegativity.
The measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons.
Which factors affect electronegativity?
Atomic charge, distance from the nucleus, shielding.
Describe electronegativity trends.
Increases across a period, nuclear charge increases. Decreases down a period, atomic radius increases.
Describe a permanent dipole.
Two atoms in a bond have substantially different electronegativities.
Describe an instantaneous dipole.
Temporary dipole arises due to constant motion.
Describe an induced dipole.
Unpolarised molecules next to a dipole. The dipole attracts or repels the electrons, inducing a dipole.
What is the weakest type of intermolecular bonding?
Instantaneous-induced.
Describe trends in haloalkanes.
Carbon-halogen bonds are polar. Immiscible with water. Boiling and melting points increase down the group.
Describe hydrogen bonding.
Requires: a large dipole between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom. A small hydrogen atom. A lone pair of electrons. Strongest type of intermolecular bond.