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Substitution

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Total cards: 20•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

Card preview (20)

#1
Front (Question)

Alkane -> Haloalkane

Back (Answer)

Add Br2 or Cl2. Requires UV light.

#2
Front (Question)

Alcohol -> Haloalkane

Back (Answer)

Add halide (SOCl2, PCl3, PCl5)

#3
Front (Question)

Haloalkane -> Amine

Back (Answer)

Add ammonia (NH3)

#4
Front (Question)

Haloalkane -> alcohol

Back (Answer)

KOH(aq)

#5
Front (Question)

What are the requirements of substitution?

Back (Answer)

Substitution require energy whether that’s in the form UV light or heat.

#6
Front (Question)

Carboxylic acid + base -> Salt

Back (Answer)

Add NaHCO3, also produces H2O and CO2. Reaction will cause bubbles due to gas.

#7
Front (Question)

Is a substitution reaction slower or faster than an addition reaction?

Back (Answer)

Slower reaction time compared to addition

#8
Front (Question)

Acyl Chloride -> Carboxylic Acid

Back (Answer)

Add H2O. Additional product of HCl. This reaction is a hydrolysis reaction. This fumes in damp air and turns blue litmus red.

#9
Front (Question)

Acyl Chloride -> Ester

Back (Answer)

Add alcohol. Additional product of HCl

#10
Front (Question)

Acyl Chloride -> primary amide

Back (Answer)

Add 2NH3(alc). Additional product of ammonium salt (NH4Cl). Ammonia must be alcoholic otherwise acyl chloride will react with water causing it to create a Carboxylic Acid.

#11
Front (Question)

Acyl Chloride -> secondary amide

Back (Answer)

Add primary amine. Additional product of ammonium chloride salt.

#12
Front (Question)

Ester -> Amide

Back (Answer)

Add ammonia (NH3). Additional product of alcohol.

#13
Front (Question)

Ester -> Carboxylic Acid

Back (Answer)

Add H2O. Additional product of alcohol. Must be under acidic conditions (H+/H2O) Called Acid hydrolysis.

#14
Front (Question)

Ester -> Carboxylic Acid and Salt

Back (Answer)

Add a base (NaOH). Additional product of alcohol. Called Base hydrolysis or saponification. Must be under basic conditions

#15
Front (Question)

Amide -> Carboxylic Acid

Back (Answer)

Add any acid like HCl or H3O+. This is called acid hydrolysis. Must be in acidic conditions.

#16
Front (Question)

What product does all esters create?

Back (Answer)

Alcohol.

#17
Front (Question)

Amide -> Carboxylic Acid + Salt.

Back (Answer)

Add any base like NaOH. Has to be in basic conditions.

#18
Front (Question)

Carboxylic Acid -> Ester

Back (Answer)

Add alcohol. Requires strong base as catalyst like H2SO4. Process called esterification or condensation. It’s a reverse acid hydrolysis.

#19
Front (Question)

Carboxylic Acid -> Acyl Chloride

Back (Answer)

Requires a halide (PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2) Best halide to use is SOCl2 because it produces gas.

#20
Front (Question)

Carboxylic Acid -> Amide

Back (Answer)

NH3(alc)