Substitution
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Alkane -> Haloalkane
Add Br2 or Cl2. Requires UV light.
Alcohol -> Haloalkane
Add halide (SOCl2, PCl3, PCl5)
Haloalkane -> Amine
Add ammonia (NH3)
Haloalkane -> alcohol
KOH(aq)
What are the requirements of substitution?
Substitution require energy whether that’s in the form UV light or heat.
Carboxylic acid + base -> Salt
Add NaHCO3, also produces H2O and CO2. Reaction will cause bubbles due to gas.
Is a substitution reaction slower or faster than an addition reaction?
Slower reaction time compared to addition
Acyl Chloride -> Carboxylic Acid
Add H2O. Additional product of HCl. This reaction is a hydrolysis reaction. This fumes in damp air and turns blue litmus red.
Acyl Chloride -> Ester
Add alcohol. Additional product of HCl
Acyl Chloride -> primary amide
Add 2NH3(alc). Additional product of ammonium salt (NH4Cl). Ammonia must be alcoholic otherwise acyl chloride will react with water causing it to create a Carboxylic Acid.
Acyl Chloride -> secondary amide
Add primary amine. Additional product of ammonium chloride salt.
Ester -> Amide
Add ammonia (NH3). Additional product of alcohol.
Ester -> Carboxylic Acid
Add H2O. Additional product of alcohol. Must be under acidic conditions (H+/H2O) Called Acid hydrolysis.
Ester -> Carboxylic Acid and Salt
Add a base (NaOH). Additional product of alcohol. Called Base hydrolysis or saponification. Must be under basic conditions
Amide -> Carboxylic Acid
Add any acid like HCl or H3O+. This is called acid hydrolysis. Must be in acidic conditions.
What product does all esters create?
Alcohol.
Amide -> Carboxylic Acid + Salt.
Add any base like NaOH. Has to be in basic conditions.
Carboxylic Acid -> Ester
Add alcohol. Requires strong base as catalyst like H2SO4. Process called esterification or condensation. It’s a reverse acid hydrolysis.
Carboxylic Acid -> Acyl Chloride
Requires a halide (PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2) Best halide to use is SOCl2 because it produces gas.
Carboxylic Acid -> Amide
NH3(alc)