nitration of benzene
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define electrophile
lone pair acceptor full/positive partial charge an atom or group that is attracted to an electron dense area
define subsitution
when one group removed is substituted with another
what reagents and conditions are needed to make the NO2+ electrophile
concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) heat to 50 degrees C
write the equations for the preparation of the NO2+ electrophile
H2SO4 + HNO3 ⇌ [H2NO3]+ + HSO4- [H2NO3]+ ⇌ NO2+ +H2O HSO4- + H+ → H2SO4
give the evidence for delocalisation in benzene
• hydrogenation energies are lower than expected • delocalised systems are highly saturated • benzene is a flat molecule and all atoms are in the same plane (bond angle 120 degrees) • when benzene is attached to an aliphatic skeleton it is called a phenyl group • each carbon in benzene makes 3 bonds (the remaining electron of each carbon is shared with other atoms in ring. 6 electrons are delocalised around ring system giving stability)