Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History
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What is the three definitions of biotechnology?
• Manipulation of living organisms or parts of living organisms to make useful products to humans. • Manipulation of genes of organisms to change their behavior, value, and characteristics • Cell and gene technology used to produce new characteristics in plants and animals
Yeast was utilized by the Sumerians and Babylonians to prepare ___
Beer
Yeast was utilized by the Egyptians to make ___
Leavened bread
Greek philosopher ___ (470 to 399 BC) hypothesized on the similar characteristics between parents and their offspring.
Socrates
Greek philosopher ____ (384 to 322 BC) theorized that all inheritance originates from the father.
Aristotle
The ____ is based on the idea that organisms arise from non-living matter
Theory of Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)
____ explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction in the sense that they reproduce sexually
William Harvery
____ investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope
Marcello Malpighi
____ was the first researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
____ found that the deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children
Giacomo Pylarini
____ invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food
Nicolas Appert
Puerperal Fever is also known as Childbed Fever caused by ___
Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus
Difference between sterilization and pasteurization:
• Sterilization is complete elimination of microorganism; pasteurization is reduction in bacterial load • Sterilization often destroys sensory attributes of food; pasteurization preserves sensory attributes of foods
____ suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians
Ignaz Semmelweis
____ discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions
Carl Ludwig
The development of what technique paves the way for Modern Biotechnology as it allows cells to survive via incubation
Tissue culture (cf., Carl Ludwig)
____ established that a fungus was responsible for late potato blight
Heinrich Anton de Bary
Microorganism responsible for late potato blight:
Oomycete (characterized as fungi-like due to the abundance of cellulose and presence of small amount of chitin in their cell wall)
___ found that paired chromosomes contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another
Sutton
____ shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex
Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
____, along with other researchers, found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes
William Bateson and R. C. Punnett
___ started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ___
X-Rays
This anti-inflammatory product is the first modern biotech product produced
cortisone