C15- Using our resources
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Process used to make ammonia? Balanced equation? Key use of ammonia?
The Haber Process N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 For fertilisers
2 reactants in the Haber process and how are they obtained?
Nitrogen (N2) fractionally distilled from the air Hydrogen (H2) extracted from hydrocarbons in natural gas
How is ammonia extracted after the Haber process?
Once it has been formed it has a lower boiling point so it condenses and is removed
3 conditions for the Haber process
450℃ 200 atm Iron catalyst
What equation is used to produce hydrogen for the Haber process?
Methane + steam –> hydrogen + carbon monoxide
What pressure is ideal for the Haber process? why is it good and bad? what is used?
High pressure, increases frequency of collisions, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts in favour of products. Low pressure reduces cost and energy usage. 200 atm
What temp is ideal for the Haber process? why is it good and bad? what is used?
High temp means larger proportion of particles exceed the activation energy. Low temp, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts to product side. Low temp reduces cost and energy usage. 450℃
Is a catalyst ideal for the Haber process? why is it good and bad? what is used?
Yes, pathway with lower activation energy and less energy is used for same yield. Iron catalyst
Rusting def?
The corrosion of iron
2 things needed for iron to rust? The word equation?
Iron + water + oxygen–> hydrated iron (III) oxide
2 factors that increase the rate of rusting?
Salt and high temperatures
Barrier methods to prevent rust? 3 examples?
Keeping air and water away from iron or steel Oil/grease, plastic, paint
What is electroplating?
Using electrolysis to put a thin layer of metal on an object to prevent rust
What is sacrificial plating?
Coating an object with a more reactive metal e.g zinc, which is more likely to oxidise. Zinc is sacrificed to protect the iron. Iron doesn’t need to be fully covered
What is galvanisation?
Coating iron with zinc, which is more likely to oxidise so it prevents the rusting of iron
Are alloys harder than pure metals?
Yes, because they have different sized atoms that are no arranged in regular layers, making them hard.
2 copper alloys and what are they made of?
Bronze- copper, tin Brass- copper, zinc
Key feature of aluminium alloys?
-Lightweight as it has a low density -Made stronger as its an alloy
What are gold alloys usually used for? What are they measured in?
Jewelry Carats, 24-carat is almost pure gold
Steel def? How to make steel with different properties?
An alloy of iron with carbon and/or other elements Controlling quantities of carbon and other elements with iron
3 important types of steels and their properties?
High carbon steels- hard and brittle Low carbon steels- softer, easily shaped Stainless steels- hard, resistant to corrosion
2 factors that affect the properties of a polymer
-Monomers used -Conditions for the reaction
2 types of poly(ethene) and their structure?
Low density poly(ethene)- random branches, more spread out, less atom per unit volume High density poly(ethene)- straighter branches, packed closer together, more atoms per unit volume
High density poly(ethene).. Temp formed at? Forces? Properties?
Low temp Strong intermolecular forces High density, rigid