Interior Processes

An upfold in rock layers

A downfold in rock layers

Rock layers get pushed up and dome is formed

Igneous intrusion pushes up rock layers and sedimentary layers wear away leaving igneous rocks at top. Top layer is younger

Uplifting force pushes up rock layer Top layer is older

A theory that the surface of the Earth is in giant pieces or lithospheric plates and the movement, interactions and formation of these plates

Friction prevents 2 plates from moving, strain becomes too great and plates suddenly move. Cause of Earthquake

Area with no p-waves or s-waves from an Earthquake. Occurs because p-waves get refracted and s-waves can’t transmit through liquid. Indicates that outer core is liquid because outer core is up to 2900km below surface and peed of p-waves increase at 5200km Also that the inner core must be solid

Breaks in lithosphere where movement has occurred. Have footwalls and hanging walls

Normal: Hanging wall slides down as tension pulls crust apart Reverse: Hanging wall slides up as compression occurs Strike-Slip: Hanging wall moves horizontally as it slides past footwall (San Andreas fault)

Occur deep below surface, sometimes exposed due to uplift, weathering and erosion. Main types are anticline and syncline

Water in the subducted rock is released into the athensophere, then the water lowers melting temperatures of materials in the athensophere, leading to the formation of magma.

Process where sediment/soil acts like a liquid causing buildings to sink

Basaltic: 50% silica, low gas, low viscosity, high melting temp, rarely explosive. Found in rift and hot spots Andesitic: 60% silica, medium gas, medium viscosity, medium melting temp, sometimes explosive. Found in subduction boundariess Rhyolitic: 70% silica, high gas, high viscosity, low melting temp, usually explosive. Found in continental hot spots

Body Waves: Waves of energy which travel from focus of an earthquake. P-waves (Primary Waves): Compression a.k.a longitudinal waves Vibrate parallel to direction in which the wave is travelling S-Waves (Secondary Waves): Shear waves a.k.a Transverse waves Vibrate perpendicular to direction that the wave is travelling

P-waves travel 2x faster than s-waves Both travel faster in denser materials

Surface Waves: Waves that travel along the surface of Earth Love Waves: Side - side movement a.k.a surface transverse waves Rayleigh Waves: Travel in elliptical patterns a.k.a torsional vibrations Love waves travel faster than Rayleigh waves

Plates diverge (move away) from each other Usually along ocean floors and produce rift valleys Rift valleys have fracture zones which are perpendicular to ridge Earthquakes occur at fracture zones

Plates converge (move towards) each other. 2 types Subduction: One plate goes under the other Collision: Plates hit each other head on

Plates slide by each other. Ex: San andreas fault

Used to express strength/magnitude of Earthquake

Deep-sea Sediments: Scraped off sediments as oceanic plate submerges under continental Igneous Rock: From cooled magma builds up surface of continents Sediments: Deposited by rivers, helps build up edges Terrane: Large piece of litho. plate displaced over a large area

Must be bound on all 3 sides by faults Fossils must be completely different than neighbouring fossils in area Different magnetic record, compared to that around it

Change in velocity of p-waves and s-waves at boundary between crust and mantle