Intro to Biochem
No description yet. This curated deck is ready for daily study.
Card preview (24)
List 5 clinical pathology tests
Hematology (CBC) Clotting profile Biochemistry Urinalysis Cytology
What is biochemistry used for?
Evaluate different organ systems Measure enzymes, metabolites etc. Use with urinalysis and CBC
What fraction of blood is evaluated for buichemistry?
Serum (lacking clotting factors but means nothing is added to tube) vs. plasma which would have clotting factors (inc fibrinogen)
When may plasma be used?
Heparinized plasma used for reptiles and birds due to small sample size
What colour are serum tubes?
Red or brown
What additional chemicals may be added to serum tubes
Serum separator separates cells from serum to prevent RBCs metabolising glucose etc. affecting serum levels
What is another term for serum?
Supernatent
How should serum be stored?
4 degrees c
How is plasma collected?
Into EDTA, Heparin or citrate tubes Separate plasma from cells by centrifuge Store at 4 deg C
What does within reference interval (WRI) mean?
95% animals will be within the range when healthy If multiple parameters assessed ^ chance of finding an out of range result.
What are blood levels of analytes dependent on?
Amount produced and amount excreted. Remember if ^ production and concurrent ^ excretion, values will appear within normal range
Where is total protein measured from?
Serum or plasma
Which value of total protein will be higher (serum v plasma)?
Plasma greater as includes fibrinogen
What does total protein consist of?
Albumin and globulins
How may total protein be measured? How does this mean results may be affected?
Refractometer (in clinic) or colorimeter (in lab) Results may be falsely raised by icterus, hemolysis and lipemia
When may increased total protein be seen?
Dehydration Inflammation Neoplasia
When may decreased total protein be seen?
Loss (nephropathy or enteropathy) Decreased synthesis Dilution
How is albumin measured? In which species is this unrelable and how is this overcome?
Dye binding method Unreliable in birds - use electrophoresis instead
When is increased albumin seen?
Dehydration
When is decreased albumin seen?
Loss (renal, hemorrhage, GI) v synthesis (liver) 3rd spacing (effusions)
How is globulin concentration calculated?
Total protein - albumen Globulins = all remaining proteins
How would individual globulins be separated and what may this show?
Electrophoresis If polyclonal shows inflamation (eg. FIP) If monoclonal shows neoplasia (eg. plasma cell tumour)
What 3 things are evaluated when looking at the liver?
Enzymes Metabolites Function tests
What 2 enzymes, detectable in the blood, does the pancreas secrete most of? Are they pancreas specific?
Amylase and lipase Not pancreas specific - can come from other sources