proteins
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one of the simplest amino acids
Alanine
peptide bond formation with the removal of water
dehydration synthesis
terminal end on glycine
amino terminus
terminal end on alanine
carboxyl terminus
the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide:
primary structure
the conformations of segments of a polypeptide are called:
secondary structures
the completely folded conformation of the entire polypeptide:
tertiary structure
Nonpolar amino acids also form the:
transmembrane domains of membrane proteins
In a folded polypeptide, __________ _____ _______ tend to cluster at the core of the protein and away from the aqueous surroundings, leaving the ________ ____ _________ ______ _________ at the surface
nonpolar side chains, polar and charged side chains
polar and charged amino acids tend to be at the regions of proteins that are exposed
to aqueous surroundings
Proteins are synthesized as:
polypeptides
protein maturation involves:
*correct folding *proteolytic cleavage *chemical modifications *formation of quaternary structures *association of co-factors
Every step in the synthesis and maturation of proteins can be targets for control, as part of
gene expression
Finally, protein _____________ is also under tight control
degradation
multiple polypeptides in a single protein:
Quaternary structure
Hemoglobin consists of:
two -globin polypeptides and two -globin polypeptides
Each globin has an oxygen-carrying:
heme cofactor associated with it
A cofactor is a:
ligand that associates in the active site(s) and participates in the activities of the protein
the major structural proteins of connective tissues
Fibrillar collagens
what are fibrillar collagens made of
triple helices of procollagen polypeptides.
brittle bone disease
Osteogenesis imperfecta
a family of fatal brain diseases characterized by lesions that appear as small cavities (spongy appearance)
TSEs
the diseases are caused by incorrectly folded variants of a cellular brain protein
The prion hypothesis
normal prion protein:
PrPc Prion protein cellular