MIDTERM LEC 3
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In DIABETES, _ occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to lack of carbohydrate, leading to excess acetyl-CoA and ketone production.
ketosis
common in severe, uncontrolled diabetes; the Betahydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio can reach _.
Ketones 6:1
Diabetes Mellitus _ can fully reverse ketosis
Insulin
The entire process of KETOSIS can be reversed by _ administration.
insulin
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ● Formerly known as: (4)
○ Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) ○ Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus ○ Brittle Diabetes ○ Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
It is result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the Bcells of the pancreas.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
have insulin deficiency from loss of pancreatic β-cells and need insulin to survive and prevent ketosis
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms of _ appear after 80–90% of β-cells are destroyed, leading to hyperglycemia.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
genetically linked to HLA-DR3 and DR4 (Primary Susceptibility Genes), with the main susceptibility gene on chromosome 6.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Signs and symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, rapid weight loss, hyperventilation, mental confusion and possible loss of consciousness
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Complications: microvascular disorders include nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
It is a form of type 1 diabetes that has no known etiology → it is strongly inherited
Idiopathic Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
It does not have B-cell autoantibodies and have episodic requirements for insulin replacement.
Idiopathic Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ● Formerly known as: (4)
○ Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ○ Adult Type/Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus ○ Stable Diabetes ○ Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes
It is characterized by hyperglycemia due to an individual’s resistance to insulin → there is relative insulin deficiency
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
● It is associated with strong genetic predisposition and not related to an autoimmune disease
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
It has been described as a geneticist’s nightmare
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The individuals are at risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
It has milder symptoms as compared to type 1 DM
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Untreated type 2 DM will result to _ _ _ due to overproduction of glucose (>300 mg/dL) accompanied by severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (Decreased Sodium and Increased Potassium) and increased BUN and creatinine
nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
Type 1 DM Pathogenesis
destruction of B cells
Type 1 DM incidence rate
5-10%
Type 2 DM pathogenesis
insulin resistance
Type 2 DM incidence rate
90-95%