6.1 Bacteria And Disease
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What are the two main ways in which bacteria cause disease?
-toxin production- bacteria release chemical toxins which can cause cell damage -tissue invasion- by growing and dividing in tissues, they can disrupt their normal function
What are endotoxins?
-the lipid part of the lipopolysaccharides that form the outer layer of the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria -they are restricted to the bacterium’s cell wall -they are not freely released into the extracellular space or tissues -endotoxins therefore cause cell damage around the site of infection -the carbohydrate polysaccharide part of of the lipopolysaccharides forms the ‘antigen’ recognized by the immune system
What are exotoxins?
-soluble proteins -released y bacteria and are free to move around the body -produced by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria -they can: -act as enzymes to break down cells -act as enzyme inhibitors to prevent normal enzyme function eg. Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis -bind to proteins to prevent normal protein function
What are examples of both endotoxins and exotoxins?
Endotoxins: -salmonella spp. -escheria coli. Exotoxins: -staphylococcus spp. -clostridium botulinum toxin -bacillus anthracis toxin -diphtheria toxin -tetanus toxin -cholera toxin