Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5)

aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings alicyclic - carbon atoms joined together in a ring (cyclic) either with or without branches aromatic - some or all of the atoms are found in a benzene ring

alkanes - saturated, CnH2n+2 alkenes - contain at least one C=C double bond, CnH2n alkynes - contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond

the stem indicated the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule mother (meth-), eats (eth-), proper (prop-), butter (but-)

prefix comes before the stem to indicate the presence of side chains or a functional group e.g. if something started with 2, methyl then there would be a CH3 side chain on the second carbon

suffix is added after the stem to indicate functional groups e.g. alkanes -ane . alkenes -ene . alcohols (-OH) -anol .

same rules as aliphatic alkanes, but use the prefix cyclo- to show it has a ring structure

general formula: CnH2n functional group: C=C suffix: -ene

general formula: CnH2n+1OH functional group: -OH prefix: hydroxy- suffix: -ol

functional group: -CHO suffix: -al

general formula: CnH2nO functional group: -C(CO)C-

using brackets

general formula: CnH2nO2 functional group: -COOH suffix: -oic acid

functional group: -Cl, -Br, -I prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

functional group: -NH2 prefix: amino- suffix: -amine

functional group: -CN suffix: -nitrile

a line represents a single bond, double line represents a double bond e.c.t where 2 lines meet indicates a carbon atom end of a line represents a -CH3 functional group when there are any functional groups other than CH3, they must be drawn onto the skeletal formula

yes molecules can have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different functional groups

by bond fission

homolytic fission heterolytic fission

When the bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes on of the shared pair of electrons from the bond Each atom now has a single unbounded electron therefore 2 radicals are formed

When the bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons from the bond. Two ions are formed (the atom which took both electrons is negative and the other is positive)

shows how the reaction took place indicated with curly arrows. Curly arrows show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made

addition: two reactants join together to form one product substitution: an atom (or group of atoms) in a molecule is replaced by a different atom (or group of atoms) Elimination: this involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one ie. 1 reactant gives 2 products

Branching decreases the boiling point. As the length of carbon chain decreases (due to branching), the surface area of the compound will also decrease. Van der Waals dispersion force is proportional to the surface area. So the decrease of surface area lessens the ability of individual molecules to attract each other.