26.1 Carbonyl compunds
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functional group for an aldehyde
CHO
how is an aldehyde synthesised?
oxidation of primary alcohols using distillation
functional group for a ketone
CO
how is a ketone synthesised?
oxidation of secondary alcohols under reflux
what is the oxidising agent for oxidation?
K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄
what is the carbonyl functional group?
C=O
why can carbonyl groups undergo nucleophilic addition?
C=O bond is polar carbon is delta +ve and oxygen is delta -ve the delta +ve carbon can therefore attract nucleophiles
what reaction mechanism do carbonyls undergo?
nucleophilic addition
where does nucleophilic addition occur?
across the C=O bond
what is the reducing agent required for reduction of aldehydes/ketones?
NaBH₄/H₂O [H]
how many moles of reducing agent is needed to reduce an aldehyde?
2
how many moles of reducing agent is needed to reduce a ketone?
2
what does reducing an aldehyde produce?
a primary alcohol
what does reducing a ketone produce?
a secondary alcohol
what is HCN?
hydrogen cyanide
what is used to provide the HCN in a nucleophilic addition reaction?
H₂SO₄/NaCN