Genetics Review
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What is the question asked during biology sample processing and interpretation?
What species or species community
What is the biology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
• DNA extraction • DNA Quantitation • PCR Amplification of Multiple STR markers
What is the technology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
• Separation and Detection of PCR products (STR Alleles) • Sample Genotype Determination
What is the genetics process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
• Comparison of sample genotype to other sample results • If match occurs, comparison of DNA profile to population databases • generation of case report with probability of random match
What is the question asked during genetics sample processing and interpretation?
What population source?
What is DNA?
the primary heredity information in most living organisms
Each base is attached to a ____ and a ____ and together they are called ____
sugar, phosphate, and called nucleotide
what are the methods of DNA degredation (include specifics)
• elevated temps (>90C) • chemical treatments (low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide) that disrupt H-bonds
what are the main categories of DNA?
chromosomal, and non-chromosomal (extranuclear cytoplasmic)
What is nuclear DNA?
• chromosomes and most of the coding genes for the organism • called nucleoid region in bacteria
What are the types of non-chromosomal DNA
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Viral
what is prokaryotic DNA?
circular or linear plasmids generally in bacteria
what is eukaryotic DNA?
• mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) • chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
what is viral DNA?
ds and ssDNA (linear and circular)
What shape is mtDNA?
double stranded and circular
how many copies of mtDNA in each cell?
500/cell
T/F: all mtDNA is the same size.
false mammals: ~17kb plants: ~20-2500kb
____ or ____ in mammals is non-coding with more ____specific variation
D-loop or control region in mammals is non-coding with more intraspecific variation
how big is chloroplast DNA? How many copies in chloroplasts?
120-170 kb and 15-20 copies in mature chloroplasts
what is the structure of cpDNA?
no histones, no introns, and circular double-stranded
what is a genome?
all DNA associated with an organism or organelles
What are important implications of the genome?
extraction, quantification, visualization, interpretation
what does ploidy mean?
number of copies of chromosome set
What are common outcomes in animals from polyploidy?
white sturgeon (normally 8x) get to 12x in farms; chinook salmon 4x tetraploids common in amphibians, reptiles, and insects; xenopus, african frogs, vary from 2 to 12x