chapter mitochondria
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oxydation=
loose electrons or gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
reduction =
receive electrons or loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
Electrons are attracted to the atom that has greater _
electronegativity
As a result, the reduced atom acquires a _; conversely, the oxidized atom acquires a _
partial negative charge (δ–) partial positive charge (δ+)
The equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction A + B → AB depends on _
the concentrations of A, B, and AB.
association rate =
association rate constant x concentration of A x concentration of B
dissociation rate=
dissociation rate constant x concentration of AB
AT EQUILIBRIUM: association rate =
dissociation rate
why does The terminal phosphate of ATP can be readily transferred to other molecules.
Because an energy- rich phosphoanhydride bond in ATP is converted to a less energy-rich phosphoester bond in the phosphate- accepting molecule, this reaction is energetically favorable, having a large negative ΔGo
ATP acts as a power source by transferring its _ group to glutamic acid (= _ phase), making it _ to combine with ammonia and form glutamine (= _ phase).
phosphate activation reactive enough condensation
NADPH accepts and donates electrons via its _.
nicotinamide ring
NADPH donates its high-energy _ together with _. This reaction, which oxidizes NADPH to _, is energetically favorable because the _.
electrons _ a proton _ NADP+ _ nicotinamide ring is more stable when these electrons are absent
In animals, the breakdown of food molecules occurs in three stages.:
STAGE 1: BREAKDOWN OF LARGE FOOD MOLECULES TO SIMPLE SUBUNITS STAGE 2: glycolysis = glucose –> pyruvate –> acetyl groups on acetyl CoA STAGE 3: citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix–> oxidative phosphorylation on the mitochondrial inner membrane. stage 2 NADH + citric acid cycle NADH = large amounts of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
Pyruvate is broken down in _
the absence of oxygen by fermentation. =converted to lactate in the cytosol
In some microorganisms that can grow anaerobically, pyruvate is converted into _. Again, this pathway regenerates _ from NADH, as required to enable _ to continue.
carbon dioxide and ethanol NAD+ glycolysis
In step 6, the energy released by the energetically favorable oxidation of a C–H bond in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (blue arrow) is large enough to drive _ energetically costly reactions: the formation of _in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (red arrows). The subsequent energetically favorable hydrolysis of that high-energy phosphate bond in step 7 then drives the _
two _ both NADH and a high-energy phosphate bond _ formation of ATP.
Fatty acids derived from fats are also converted to _ in the _.
acetyl CoA mitochondrial matrix
When the body needs energy, enzymes called lipases break these fats into:_ Free fatty acids are then “activated” by attaching to a molecule called _, creating _. This step requires energy from _.
Glycerol Free fatty acids Coenzyme A (CoA) fatty acyl CoA ATP
The citric acid cycle catalyzes _ supplied by _.
the complete oxidation of acetyl groups _ acetyl CoA
NET RESULT of citric acid cycle: ONE TURN OF THE CYCLE PRODUCES _
THREE NADH, ONE GTP, AND ONE FADH2, AND RELEASES TWO MOLECULES OF CO2
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final step in breaking down food molecules and produces _
most of the cell’s ATP (energy).
Membrane systems create ATP (energy) by using the _. STAGE 1: ENERGY OF _ IS USED TO PUMP _ ACROSS MEMBRANE. STAGE 2: ENERGY IN THE _ IS EXPLOITED BY _ TO MAKE ATP
energy from a proton gradient ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROTONS PROTON GRADIENT ATP SYNTHASE
A mitochondrion can divide like a _. (A) It undergoes a _ that is conceptually similar to _.
bacterium fission process bacterial division
Acetyl CoA is produced in _.
the mitochondria