Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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What is a carboxylic acid derivative
Molecule in which the -OH group of carboxylic acid group been replaced by another group
What is an acyl chloride and how to name
Compounds in which the -OH of carboxylic acid group has been replaced by chlorine atom, -anoyl chloride
How to produce acyl chlorides and what is observed
React carboxylic acid with PCl5 at room temp, also produces HCl (misty funes) and POCl3
Why do acyl chlorides react violently
Due to very polar -COCl group
Word equation for esterification reaction and conditions
Alcohol + acid —-> ester + water -conc sulfuric acid catalyst and heat under reflux
Where do the OH and H come from in water produced by esterification
Remove OH from acid and H from alcohol
How to name ester
Alcohol yl carboxylic acid anoate
Which part of an ester is the carboxylic acid/alcohol part
Before the COO is carboxylic acid and after it is alcohol
Uses of esters
Sweet smelling and used as fruit flavourings/solvents
Are esters soluble in water
Yes as can form hydrogen bonds with water
Why does solubility of esters decrease as chain length increases
As the energy released when hydrogen bonds form between water and ester molecules not enough to overcome stronger London forces between ester molecules
Process of acid hydrolysis of esters
Reverse reaction, converts esters back to alcohol and carboxylic acid when heated under reflux with dilute hydrochloric acid
What does hydrolysis of esters involve
The splitting of COO bond
Process of alkaline hydrolysis of ester
Ester heated under reflux with dilute alkali eg sodium hydroxide which produces carboxylate ion (forms salt with base) so must add dilute acid to protonate carboxylic acid, not reversible reaction
Differences and similarities between acid and alkaline hydrolysis
-both produce same alcohol -acid produces carboxylic acid, alkali produces carboxylate ion -acid reversible, alkali irreversible -the acid is a catalyst (is regenerated) and alkali is a reactant (used up)