Universe and Solar System

Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the Universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creations. Mentioned in the bible, Genesis 1 to 31. God created us in 6 days, and rested on the 7th day.

Alexander Friedman & Georges Lamaitre “The universe started with a cataclysm that created space and time and all the matter and energy that has ever existed in the universe.” The universe started with a small singularity and inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos we know today.

0 to approximately 10^-43s Also known as the Planck Era Earliest period known to the Universe All matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and extreme heat

10^-36 to 10^-32s The universe expanded from the size of an atomic molecule to 10^35 meters in width.

10^-65s The universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy: quarks, electrons, protons, and neutrons.

3s Protons and neutrons combined to form the nuclei of simple elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium. It will take another 10,000 years for electrons to be captured into orbits around this nucleus to form stable atoms.

Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei and the process

10,000 years First major era in the history of the universe. Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths) X-Rays Radio Waves Ultraviolet Waves Cosmic microwave background radiation Evidence of the bigbang Found in the most outer part of the universe Anything that deals with energy would be under this era

300,000 years Matter began to dominate Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms At this moment, the energy in matter and the energy in radiation are equal but as the expansion continues, the waves of light are stretched to lower and lower energy while the matter travels onward largely unaffected. Neutral atoms are forced as electrons linked up with hydrogen and helium nuclei.

Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser Gravity amplifies light irregularities in the density of the primordial gas, and even if the universe expands rapidly, pockets of gas become more dense Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light Begins with Nebula Once these things get attracted together, they condense The condensation of hydrogen and helium gives strength to the star

attractive forces that bind the nuclear system

the force that binds nucleus

short range force present in the radioactive decay (such as beta decay)

can be attractive or repulsive

The distance between galaxies is increasing with time. His paper was presented at the American Astronomical Society. Before, people thought that the whole universe consisted of only the Milky Way galaxy. On January 1, 1995, it was considered to be the birth of the universe.

CMB is speculated to be the remnant energy left over from the formation of the universe. CMB is the so-called “afterglow” or ‘relic radiation” from the time the universe was filled with extremely hot gas; however since the universe cooled down as it expanded, it was calculated that the afterglow is already in the radio wave band of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Massive amount of He and H, with trace amounts of Be.

dark energy reverse and is not expanding. It expands and narrows

expand at a very low rate

quick and could tear up the universe

Also known as Doppler’s shift toward the red end of the spectrum, occurs because the light waves are “stretched” , which shows the Earth and the source are moving away from each other.

Bondi, Golde, & Hoyle (1948) The universe doesn’t change in its appearance and is homogenous. When an old star dies, a new star replaces it. So everything remains the same. The universe has neither any beginning nor any end. Universe was and will always be the same through the whole time The universe is infinite, constant, homogenous, and isotopic.

Extension of the Big Bang in 3D

Big bang states there should be curvature. Things will appear flat even though it is curved