Handling and Processing of Non Blood Specimen for Laboratory Testing
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• 95% water and 5% solutes
Urine
• Factors that influence urine volume includes:
fluid intake, variations in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and need to excrete increased amount of dissolved solids (glucose and salts)
Normal daily urine output:
1200-1500 mL *Range of 600-2000 mL is considered normal
9 urine components
urea creatinine uric acid chloride sodium potassium phosphate ammonium calcium
Specimen Collection Recommended capacity of the container is
50mL
Reasons for Rejecting Specimen
• specimens in unlabeled containers • nonmatching labels and requisition forms • specimens contaminated with feces or toilet paper • containers with contaminated exteriors • specimens of insufficient quantity • specimens that have been improperly transported
Non blood Specimen Handling • Specimen Integrity specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within ______
2 hours
Non blood Specimen Handling • Specimen Integrity a specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be
refrigerated or have an appropriate chemical preservative added.
Non blood Specimen Handling • Specimen Preservation The most routinely used method of preservation is refrigeration at _________(temperature)
2°C to 8°C
Specimen Handling • Specimen Preservation When a specimen must be transported over a long distance and refrigeration is impossible, ___________________ may be added
chemical preservatives
Specimen Handling • Specimen Preservatives
• Refrigeration • Boric acid • Formalin (Formaldehyde) • Sodium fluoride
7 Types of Non Blood Specimens
• Random Specimen • First Morning Specimen • 24 hour Specimen (Timed specimens) • Catheterized Specimen • Midstream Clean • Suprapubic Aspiration • Three Glass Collection
Type of Specimen • most commonly received specimen - useful for routine screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities
Random Specimen
Type of Specimen (Non Blood) • ideal screening specimen • also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests and for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria - concentrated specimen
First Morning Specimen
Type of Specimen (Non Blood) carefully timed specimen must be used to produce accurate quantitative results
24 hour Specimen (Timed specimens)
Type of Specimen • for bacterial culture • specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder
Catheterized Specimen
Type of Specimen -Catch Specimen - provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis - urine is less contaminated from vaginal bacteria and other cells
Midstream Clean
Type of Specimen • provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination. • the specimen can also be used for cytologic examination • urine may be collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder
Suprapubic Aspiration
Type of Specimen collection • detect the presence of prostatitis.
Three Glass Collection
Physical Examination of Urine Normal colors
pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow and amber
Abnormal Urine Color
• Dark Yellow or amber - presence of the abnormal pigment bilirubin. • Yellow-orange • Red • Brown or black • Blue/green
Physical Examination of Urine CLARITY - refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen 5 Common terminology used to report clarity includes
clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky
Physical Examination of Urine CLARITY no visible particulates, transparent
Clear
Physical Examination of Urine CLARITY few particulates, print easily seen through urine
hazy