Neoplasia
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In tubulovillous adneoma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, solar keratosis - what is the pathological process that has occured?
It is dysplasia which is a diseased change in the cells. Opposed to metaplasia (such as in Barrett’s) which is a change to the shape and arrangement of the cells, or hyperplasia which is overproduction of cells with maintained structure.
What does carcinoma refer to?
Malignancies that originate from epithelial tissues.
What does sarcoma refer to?
Malignancies that orginate from connective tissues, muscles, bones and other non-epithelial tissues.
What does leyimyoma refer to?
Malignancy originating from smooth muscle
What is the technical name for uterine fibroid?
Uterine leiyomyoma
What IHC staining is likely to be absent in patients with lynch syndrome?
MLH1 and MSH2 from a gut biopsy. Interestingly, if these and other mutations (e.g. PMS2) was seen from a skin lesion it would be called Muir-Torre synsdrome.
Other than breast cancer, what do BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of?
Ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer.
Other than breast cancer, what do BRCA2 mutations increased the risk of?
Ovarian cancer Prostate cancer Pancreatic cancer Melanoma
What virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
HHV8
What strains of HPV are most commonly associated with oropharyngeal and cervical carcinomas?
16 and 18
What cancer is associated with EBV?
Burkitt lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Hodgkin’s disease Other B-cell lymphomas
HBV and C are associated with what cancer
HCC
HLTV-1 is associated with what cancers?
Lueukaemia and lymhoma
What does ‘stary sky’ correlate to?
Burkitt lymphoma
What is coilocytosis?
The empty looking cells of HPV infection
What industrial exposure leads to baldder ca?
Analine dyes
Arsenic predisposes to what cancer?
Lung, skin cancer
Other than mesothelioma, what cancers does asbestosis increased the risk of?
Many, but lung, larynx, oropharyngeal stand out.
What is the gene usually assocaited with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
TP53
How is Li-Fraumeni syndrome inherited?
Autosomal dominant
Familial adenomatous polyposis is associated with a mutation in what gene?
APC
What is the most relevant factor for grading melanoma?
Breslow thickness
Sertoli-Leidig tumours of the testicles produce what paraneoplastic hormone?
Oestrogen - so men develop gynaecomastia.
Paraneoplastic cushiing’s is caused most commonly by what?
Lung Ca