Division and Differentiation in Human Cells U1

the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic to that type of cell

unspecialised produce specialised cells to allow for growth and repair to replace damaged or dying cells embryonic adult tissue

from a 4-5 day old embryo (blastocyst) can differentiate into any cells that make up an organism due to all genes being switched on pluripotent

extracted from bone marrow and used for growth and repair can differentiate into cells which are closely related to the tissue in which they are found due to some genes already being switched off multipotent

Medicine/Therapy (Leukaemia treatment, Cornea repair) Research (Model cells for drug testing, Model cells for the study of disease and their development)

destruction of an embryo which has the potential to grow into a person people argue that embryos are leftovers from IVF which would be destroyed anyway, but can be used to potentially cure disease

any differentiated cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction only divide by mitosis to ensure that the cell has the correct chromosome complement

Gametes and the stem cells that produce the gametes divide by mitosis to form more germline cells to ensure the cell has the correct chromosome complement divide by meiosis to form haploid gametes

separating homologous chromosomes separating chromatids

divide uncontrollably due to not responding to regulatory signals mass of abnormal cells (tumour) tumours can be benign or malignant

when cells fail to stay attached to eachother and enter the bloodstream allowing the cancer to spread around the body (metastasis) where a secondary tumour may form

Certain strains have been shown to cause cervical cancer routinely immunisation program in scotland for girls aged 12-13 (one off three year catch up for older girls)