B.1 Individual difference
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Bandsura Social learning theory statement
people observe behavior either directly through social interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media
Define the term personality
“Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals”. (Gross, 1992)
Define the trait theory
“people are born with established personality characteristics”
Diagram of Bandsura Social learning theory
demonstration- Attention- Retention- Motor Reproduction- Motivation - matching performance
Discuss the interactionist approach to personality ( give equation also)
personalities are developed through a constant interaction between the persona and their environment Behaviour = Function of personality x Enviroment B= F (P X E)
Four main stages of Bandusra theory
Attention: learn through observation, you have respect and admiration for the model -Retention: for modelling to be effective you must retain the observed skills in your memory - Motor reproduction: you must be physically perform the task you are observing. you need time to practice skill and see how it is performed - Motivational response: Unless you are motivated you will not go through the first three stages. Motivation is dependant on reinforcement (feedback, praise, sense of achievement)
the issue in personality research and sports peformance
1.athletes versus non-athletes: may discourage non-sportspeople from attempting sports that don’t ‘fit’ their personality 2.personality and sport type: if a personality is assigned to a sport, those not demonstrating will be less likely to take up the sport as they do not think that they suit the stereotype of the sport. 3.predicting performance: implications of predicting performance, rather than it be a natural progression and taking into consideration environmental factors
The social learning approach (learning characteristic from other people) 4 steps
Observe- identify - reinforce - copy
What are issues with the measurement of personality
Biases -Self-reported data may include error due to denial and wanting to be evaluated in a favourable light. Data collection - qualitative therfore Interviews, questionnaires and observing behaviour are more difficult to analyse Ethical issues - Informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality can also be problematic. Validity and reliability issues