Atomic Structure
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who created the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
what was Niels Bohr’s model of the structure of an atom?
• negative electrons orbit the central nucleus in discrete orbital shells • electrons have quantised positions and specific energies • stable configurations have full outer shells
if atoms have similar numbers of outer shell electrons what does this mean?
they have similar properties
what is the atomic number equal to?
no. of protons and no. of electrons
what is the definition of the atomic mass unit (amu)?
equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in imprecise terms, one amu is the average of the proton rest mass and the neutron rest mass
what is the relative atomic mass equal to?
no. of protons and neutrons
what is the charge of an element?
0 - it has equal numbers of protons and electrons
how are electron orbitals filled?
the lowest energy state is filled first
what is responsible for binding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus?
the strong force
what happens with other isotopes of carbon, for example carbon-14?
because they are more unstable (due to the added neutrons) they are more likely to decay (beta decay)
what is carbon dating?
we can calculate how much carbon-14 was in the atmosphere a specific time relative to now which can be used in dating - by knowing the half life and working backwards
what is the order of electron orbital filling?
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 4f14, 5d10, 6s2, 6p6
how do you calculate the average atomic weight of an element?
times each percentage abundance with the mass and add them all together
what was Thomson’s plum pudding model?
in Thomson’s model, the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons’ negative charges, like negatively charged “plums” surrounded by positively charged “pudding”
what model do we use today for the structure of an atom? describe it?
quantum mechanical model - the orbitals are where we can expect to find electrons (locations are described as probabilities) and the properties of the electrons are described using a wave equation with wave and particle like properties (like a standing wave)
what is the name for numbering the electron shells around the nucleus?
principal quantum numbers (goes up to 7)
how many electrons fit in the s orbital?
2
how many electrons fit in the p orbital?
6
how many electrons fit in the d orbital?
10
how many electrons fit in the f orbital?
14
what is the magnetic quantum number (mI)?
relates to the electron’s orientation in space - it can be …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2… and so on
what is the spin quantum number (ms)?
relates to the electron’s spin - it can be -0.5 or 0.5
what is the shape of an s orbital?
spherical
what is the shape of a p orbital?
dumbell shaped