CARBOHYDRATES
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Immediate sources of energy for the body
CARBOHYDRATES
Provides structural integrity to cell membrane
CARBOHYDRATES
Determines antigenicity
CARBOHYDRATES
Extraneous origin
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates is classified into
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Under Monosaccharides
D-Glucose D-galactose D-fructose
is the most important of all the simple carbohydrates.
D-Glucose
hydrolyzed into 2 glucose units
Maltose
hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose
Sucrose
hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose
Lactose
Under Polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose Inulin (fructose units)
Carbohydrate measurements are important in diseases that result from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism such as
hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus
Lactase deficiency will lead to
Lactose intolerance
Deficiency in either galactokinase or galactose phosphate-1-phosphate uridyl transferase will cause
galactosemia
galactosemia is screened using
Guthrie test and Beutler method.
Specimens used for carbohydrate measurements include
whole blood, plasma or serum.
needed for HbA1c determination.
Hemolysate
It is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose by inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.
Insulin
Insulin lowers blood glucose by
inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.
It is produced by the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Insulin
It is inhibited by the scarcity of dietary fuels and during periods of trauma due to increased epinephrine levels.
Insulin
Active insulin comes from the cleavage of
C-peptide off the pro-insulin
has become a marker for endogenous production of insulin to differentiate it from exogenous insulin.
C-peptide
Elevated levels of C-peptide suggests
hyperinsulinism