Exam 1

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

Card preview (24)

Front (Question)

Which age groups are most susceptible to viral infection?

Back (Answer)

Elderly and toddlers (not newborns)

Front (Question)

Why are toddlers more susceptible to viral infection than newborns?

Back (Answer)

Newborns gain passive immunity from their mothers through breast milk

Front (Question)

Which vitamin is added to vaccines to enhance their effects?

Back (Answer)

Vitamin A

Front (Question)

Vitamin A is known as an _______ because it enhances the effects of a vaccine.

Back (Answer)

Adjuvant

Front (Question)

What are the 3 ways viruses can pass from a mother to a baby?

Back (Answer)

• Transplacental (in womb) • Perinatal (during labor) • Postnatal (after birth)

Front (Question)

Mutations in ___ and ___ will make a person less susceptible to HIV

Back (Answer)

CCR4 and CCR5

Front (Question)

Mutations in CCR4 make one less susceptible to HIV by __________.

Back (Answer)

Granting them large resistance to HIV infection

Front (Question)

Mutations in CCR5 make one less susceptible to HIV by __________.

Back (Answer)

Making the disease progress much slower

Front (Question)

Long-term usage of ________ will lead to an increased risk of infection

Back (Answer)

Glucocorticoids

#10

Front (Question)

What are restriction factors?

Back (Answer)

Proteins that block a particular infection

#11

Front (Question)

What molecule is implanted into the membranes of budded off visions to route them to endosomes for degradation?

Back (Answer)

Tetherin

#12

Front (Question)

What kinds of pathogens does innate immunity protect against?

Back (Answer)

All pathogens. Non-specific

#13

Front (Question)

(T/F) Innate immunity makes use of antibodies

Back (Answer)

False

#14

Front (Question)

Why does adaptive immunity take time?

Back (Answer)

It involves the production of antibodies

#15

Front (Question)

Phagocytes are a kind of _____ defense, and includes cells like ______, ______, and ______.

Back (Answer)

Mechanical Macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes

#16

Front (Question)

Phagocytes circulate through the _____ looking for foreign invaders

Back (Answer)

Blood

#17

Front (Question)

What is a PRR? What kind of molecule is it?

Back (Answer)

Pattern-recognition receptor. Recognize PAMPs. It is a receptor protein

#18

Front (Question)

What is a PAMP?

Back (Answer)

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

#19

Front (Question)

How do PRRs inhibit viral replication?

Back (Answer)

Upon recognition of PAMPs, PRRs undergo a conformational change that induces a specific signaling pathway that inhibits viral replication

#20

Front (Question)

What kind of nucleic acid does TLR3 recognize?

Back (Answer)

Long dsRNA

#21

Front (Question)

What is a TLR?

Back (Answer)

Toll-like receptor. Division of PRRs.

#22

Front (Question)

What kind of nucleic acid do TLR7 and TLR8 recognize? Which regions does it look for?

Back (Answer)

ssRNA. Regions rich in AU and GU

#23

Front (Question)

What kind of nucleic acid does TLR9 recognize?

Back (Answer)

Unmethylated CpG motifs of DNA viruses

#24

Front (Question)

What kinds of nucleic acid do RIG-1 like receptors recognize?

Back (Answer)

Short dsRNA and ssRNA