Acid Base Imbalance
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Do acids donate or accept hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?
Donate
Do alkalis donate or accept hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?
Accept
What can buffers do in relation to hydrogen ions?
They can bind or release hydrogen ions in solution
What is the main extracellular buffering system?
The bicarbonate buffer system H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-
Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of H2O and CO2 into H2CO3 and back again within the bicarbonate buffer system?
Carbonic Anhydrase
What is the main intracellular buffering system?
The ammonia/phosphate buffer system HPO4- + H+ ⇌ H2PO4 NH3 + H+ ⇌ NH4+
How can proteins act as buffers?
Some amino acids contain Carboxyl and Amino groups that can act as weak acids and bases Haemoglobin can buffer extra H+ ions
What is the normal blood pH range?
7.35-7.45
What is a blood pH lower than 7.35 known as?
Alkalosis
What is a blood pH higher than 7.45 known as?
Acidosis
When taking into account compensation, what is the exact normal value for blood pH?
7.4
What is the normal range of partial pressure for CO2 in arterial blood?
4.6-6.0kPa
If blood partial pressure of CO2 increases, what happens to blood pH?
It decreases, becoming more acidic
If blood partial pressure of CO2 decreases, what happens to blood pH?
It increases, becoming more basic
Will hyperventilation cause the partial pressure of CO2 in blood to increase or decrease?
Decrease, as CO2 is being expelled from the body faster due to the faster breathing rate
Will hypoventilation cause the partial pressure of CO2 in blood to increase or decrease?
Increase, as CO2 is being expelled from the body slower due to the slower breathing rate
What is the normal range of partial pressure for O2 in arterial blood?
10-14kPa
What is a blood O2 partial pressure below 10kPa called?
Hypoxemia
What is the normal range of HCO3- concentration in arterial blood?
22-26 mEq/L
If blood concentration of HCO3- increases, what happens to blood pH?
It increases, becoming more basic
If blood concentration of HCO3- decreases, what happens to blood pH?
It decreases, becoming more acidic
What is a healthy oxygen saturation level?
Greater than 95%
What does an oxygen saturation level below 93% indicate?
Hypoxemia, low blood O2 partial pressure
What is the difference between Hypoxia and Hypoxemia?
Hypoxia refers to the reduced oxygenation of tissues, whereas hypoxemia refers to a low blood partial pressure of oxygen