Module 7

Anabolism converts simple sugars, amino acid, fatty acids, nitrogenous base to complex structures like polysaccharides,proteins, lipid and nucleic acid using ATP, NADH, NADPH and FADH2 Catabolism uses carbohydrates, fats, protein and convert to energy depleted end products like CO2, H2O, NH3 while producing energy like ATP etc

Phosphate group, main base is adenosine (2 cyclic nitrogenous base)

acetly group, pantothenic acid(2 double O, 1 OH), beta-mercaptoethylamine(sulphide end) transfer molecule, Vitamine B5, adenosine base, phosphate connected to sugar

a pair of sugar with one adenosine and transfer molecule nicotinamide(cyclic with O double bond with NH2)

FMN, 3 cyclic at the end, nitrogen gains H

Phosphorylation of Glucose Glucose to glucose 6 phosphate, irreversible(ΔG is small), Mg 2+ needed enzyme used : hexokinase in most tissue and glucokinase in liver

Isomerisation of Glucose-6Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate(ring of 6 to 5), reversible, higher ΔG, Mg 2+ needed Enzyme used: PHOSPHOHEXOSE ISOMERASE

Conversion of Fructose-6Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, irreversible, ΔG small, first commited step(rate-limiting step) Mg 2+ needed Enzyme used : PFK-1

Cleavage of F-1,6-bP reversible( called aldol condensation), get 2 product, DHAP(dihydroxyacetone phosphat) and GA-3-P( glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) Enzyme used: aldolase

Isomerisation of DHAP to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate adding H to the =O, reversible. A special glutamate amino acid in the active site (Glu165) performs the transfer Enzyme used: Triose Phosphate Isomerase

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Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, , generate NADH. Adding a phosphate, Rapid turnover of NAD+ is only achieved under anaerobic conditions Enzyme used: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (3gpd)

Conversion of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate Formation of ATP, transferring phospate. First ATP generated. irreversible. Mg2+ needed Enzyme used: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Mutase Reaction Converting 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. Moving the C3 phosphate to C2. Mg2+ needed Enzyme used: Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Dehydration of 2phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate remove the hydroxyl and hydrogen group to form PEP. For H2O. Enzyme used: Enolase

Production of ATP from the Conversion of PEP to Pyruvate Attaching the phosphate to ADP, irreversible The enzyme used: Pyruvate Kinase

hexokinase (eg. 2-deoxyglucose)

most cancer cells produce energy by anaerobic glycolysis rather than by oxidation of pyruvate in the mitochondria

(1) HexoK (2) PHI (3) PFK1 (4) Aldolase (5) TPI (6) GAPDH (7) PGK (8) PGM (9) Enolase (10) PK

(1) Conversion of Pyruvate to PEP occurs via Oxaloacetate using mitochondrialPyruvate Carboxylase& cytosolicPEP carboxykinase (2) Conversion of F-1,6-bisP to F-6P is catalyzed by Fructose 1,6bisphosphatase (3) Conversion of G-6-P to Glucose occurs in the ER lumenusing Glucose-6-Phosphatase

Pyruvate Carboxylase Uses ATP to attach carboxylic acid to pyruvate using biotin as a cofactor. Change from pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Mitochondrial enzyme

CH3-C=-O,C=-O,O

C3H5O4. carboxylic end, C2,3 with hydroxyl

Adding phosphate to 2C oxaloacetate using GTP, lose the CO2. From oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) Enzyme used Phosphoenol pyruvate Carboxykinase(PEPCK)