C12 - Chemical Analysis
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mnumonic device to remember metal ions and their colours in a flame
Lions Chase Small Cats / Kittens it is written in ‘rainbow’ order (red to lilac)
list: colour of positive metal ions in a flame 5 examples
• Lithium - crimson • Calcium - orange-red • Sodium - yellow • Copper - green • Potassium - lilac
list 3: metal ions that make white precipitates, and if they dissolve or not, and in what solution
in excess sodium hydroxide solution: - Aluminium - dissolves - Calcium - no change - Magnesium - no change
list: metal ions which make non-white precipitates sodium hydroxide test
• Copper - blue • Iron (ii) - green • Iron (iii) - brown
what two tests can be performed on cations metal ions
• flame tests • sodium hydroxide precipitate tests
define: cation
positively charged particle
define: anion
negatively charged particle
describe: test for carbonate ions CO3 2-
• Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid • Bubbles are produced if carbonate ions are present • Confirm that the gas is carbon dioxide - limewater turns milky/cloudy.
describe: test for sulfate ions SO4 2-
• Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid • Add a few drops of barium chloride solution • A white precipitate forms if sulfate ions are present.
describe: test for halide ions
• Add a few drops of dilute nitric acid • few drops of silver nitrate solution • observe the colour of any precipitate formed
list: colour of precipitate from halide ions
• Chloride - white • Bromide - cream • Iodide - yellow
define formulation
a mixture that is made up of exact ratios of substances
define fixed point
the boiling/melting point of pure substances
list 2: advantages of instrumental analysis
• more accurate • more sensitive • faster