Proteins (2.4)
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How are peptide bonds formed?
A condensation reaction bonds the amine group of one aa to the carboxyl group of another aa. Water is removed and a peptide bond is formed.
What are oligopeptides?
Oligopeptides are chains of less than 20 aa.
How do different amino acids vary?
The R group in amino acids differ from each other. There are 20 different amino acids.
What organelle links amino acids together to form polypeptides?
Ribosomes
What is the formula for possible number of sequences for polypeptides?
20^n (n is the number of amino acids in the sequence. If n is 3, there are 20^3 possible sequences)
How are polypeptides coded?
Polypeptides are coded by genes. Each amino acids needs three base genes (a 400 aa would need 12000 base genes).
What are polypeptides?
Polypeptides are chains of amino acids joined by condensation reactions. They are the major component of proteins.
How do condensation reactions work?
A condensation reactions combines the amine group (-NH2) from one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid. Water is removed. This forms a peptide bond.
What are the four levels of structure in proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
What is primary structure?
Primary structure is the amino acid sequence of the protein.
What is secondary structure?
Secondary structure is the stretches or strands proteins or peptides, dependent on hydrogen bonding. Secondary structure includes alpha-helix and beta-sheet.
What is the alpha-helix in secondary structure?
The alpha-helix is a right handed coiled strand.
What is the beta-sheet in secondary structure?
The beta-sheet is a folded sheet.
What is tertiary structure?
Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of an entire protein molecule. The protein molecule will twist in whatever way encourages the most stability or lowest energy usage.
What is quaternary structure?
Quaternary structure is the way proteins interact with each other to form a more complex protein molecule. Not all proteins have this structure.
What are fibrous proteins?
Fibrous proteins provide structure, are insoluble in water, and are elongated with repeated structure. (Collagen, keratin, myosin, and actin)
What are globular proteins?
Globular proteins include parts that are helical or sheet-like, soluble in water, have a hydrophobic r-group, and is stabilized between bonds in r-groups. (Hemoglobin, rubisco, and catalase).
What is denaturation?
Denaturation is the change of structure in proteins due to an increase in heat or a change of pH.
What are proteomes?
Proteomes are all of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism. They can be identified by gel electrophoresis.
What is a genome?
A genome is all of the genes of a cell, tissue, or organism.