immunology
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list the two types of immune responses
innate and adaptive
list 4 features of innate immunity
present from birth, works quickly, general response (not specific), no memory response
what are two components of the first line of defence
mechanical barriers and chemical factors
describe some mechanical barriers of the first line of defense
epithelial cells have tight junctions, normal microbiota, cilia that line the respiratory tract, peristalsis of the intestines
describe some chemical factors of the first line of defense
epithelial cells produce peptides called defensins, then there’s production of mucus/sweat/lysozyme/gastric juice
when does the second line of defense come into play
when the pathogen succeeds in penetrating the first line of defence
what two things is the second line of defense composed of
cells and antimicrobial chemicals
what types of cells are involved in the second line of defense
NK, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mass cells
T or F: B cells and T cells are involved in the innate immune response
FALSE; they are not
in the second line of defense, how are pathogens recognized
via the host cell’s PRR (pathogen recognition receptor)
what does PRR stand for
pathogen recognition receptor
what does TLR stand for
Toll-like receptor
what are TLRs
transmembrane proteins that are found on a variety of host cells
how many TLRs do humans make
at least 10
what does the PRR of the host cell recognize (in second line of defense)
the PAMP on the pathogen
what does PAMP stand for
pathogen associated molecular pattern
what does TLR4 recognize on the pathogen
LPS
what does TLR5 recognize on the pathogen
the protein that makes up the bacterial flagellum
what happens once PRR of the host binds to the pathogen PAMP
inflammatory response is initiated
what 3 extracellular signaling molecules are produced during the inflammatory response
prostaglandins, histamine, pro-inflammatory cytokines
list 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines
TNFa, IFNy, interleukins
describe the array of cells that are present during the inflammatory response
macrophages are the first to arrive, dendritic cells are there, neutrophils (all of these = phagocytic) macrophages + dendritic cells are also antigen-presenting = activation of adaptive immune response
give an example of antimicrobial chemicals present in the second line of defense
compliment system
what does the compliment system consist of
a group of serum proteins