History Final

A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery. (page 484)

Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers

Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.

Owners of large farms in the South that were worked by twenty or more slaves and supervised by overseers

Matriarch of a planter’s household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.

Yeoman farmers who lived and worked on their own small farms, growing food and cash crops to trade for necessities.

Ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including brutal punishments for infractions.

Mixed-race people who constituted most of the South’s free black population.

Slaves who toiled in the cotton or cane fields in organized work gangs

Songs with religious messages sung by slaves to help ease the strain of field labor and to voice their suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers.

Insurrection in rural Virginia led by black overseer Nat Turner, who killed slave owners and their families; in turn, federal troops indiscriminately killed hundreds of slaves in the process

Members of the liberal New England Congregationalist offshoot, often well-educated and wealthy, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

Members of a New England religious movement often from the working class, who believed in a merciful God and universal salvation.

Religious revival movement that arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches

Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which dismissed other Christian denominations, emphasizing universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; Mormons were often persecuted for their secrecy and clannishness.

Philosophy of a small group of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spirituality, self-reliance, social reform, and harmony with nature.

A widespread reform movement, led by militant Christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages.

A pervasive nineteenth-century ideology that urged women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children.

Convention organized by feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to promote women’s rights and issue the pathbreaking Declaration of Sentiments.

Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates in 1848.

Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation.

Established in 1817, an organization whose mission was to return freed slaves to Africa

In the early 1830s, the anti-slavery movement shifted its goal from the gradual end of slavery to the immediate end or abolition of slavery.