B2 Cell division
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What is the cell cycle
How cells duplicate and divide
What are the three stages of the cell cycle
Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
What happens during interphase
The cell grows DNA duplicates More organelles are made
What happens during mitosis
The genetic material separates to different ends of the cell and gets ready to divide into 2 separate daughter cells
What happens in cytokinesis
The cytoplasm and cell membrane split and 2 new identical cells are formed
What are stem cells
Cells that are undifferentiated
Give 5 examples of adult stem cells
Muscle cells-Divide Nerve cells-Cannot divide Red blood cells-cannot divide skin cells-Cannot divide bone marrow cells-Can divide to form all types of blood cell
Where does cell division occur in plants
Meristems- Found close to the tips of the roots and shoots
How are cells from meristems cloned
A tissue sample is scraped from a parent plant The sample is placed in agar growth medium containing nutrients The samples develop into plantlets that are then planted in compost
Advantages of plant cloning
Produces identical plants quickly and economically Helps preserve rare species Useful to provide crops that have desirable characteristics
Uses of human stem cells
Can be transplanted into patients to treat medical conditions and diseases or replace cells that have been damaged or destroyed
What is the benefit of using the patients stem cells in stem cell transplants
They are genetically identical so there is no risk of rejection
Donor cells in stem cell transplants
Would not be genetically identical There would be fewer complications if cells came from close relative or a person with closely matched tissue type
What does therapeutic cloning produce
Stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the patient
What is the process of stem cell cloning
The nucleus is removed from a donor egg cell The nucleus from the patients cell is placed into the empty egg cell The cell is stimulated to divide The cell develops into an embryo After 4-5 days stem cells are removed The stem cells are cultured for therapeutic use
What are the benefits of therapeutic cloning
It could treat patients with currently untreatable conditions It could grow organs for transplants Research
What are the issues with therapeutic cloning
No guarantee of success Difficult to find donors It involves destroying embryos, thus may go against some peoples views The source of embryonic stem cells is unused embryos from IVF