Unit 1 Intro Patient Care
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First device that produced x-rays
Crookes tube
Who discovered x-rays? When?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, November 8th, 1895
William Coolidge
Designed the “hot cathode” x-ray tube
Michael Idvorsky Pupin
demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens
H.C. Snook
developed interrupterless transformers that provided the necessary electricity for x-ray production
Thomas Edison
-Developed the first fluoroscope -Discovered many of the fluorescent materials used today in imaging
Charles Daly
-Thomas Edison’s assistant -First fatality from x-ray exposure in the United States (1904) -Edison ceased his research of x-rays after Daly’s death.
George Eastman
Invented the first x-ray film base in 1914
Roentgen produced the first anatomic radiograph, an image of…
his wife’s hand
When was the first documented medical use of x-rays in the United States? What was it?
February 1896, boy’s fractured wrist
The first radiographers were…
Physicists familiar with the operation of the Crookes tube, also developed the first x-ray procedures to demonstrate anatomic structures.
What does the radiographer do?
-Positions the patient’s anatomy to be imaged over the image receptor (IR) -Aligns the x-ray tube (beam or central ray) to the IR -Sets exposure factors -Activates the exposure switch
Four basic requirements for the production of x-rays:
-A vacuum (x-ray tube) -Electron source (filament) -A target for the electrons (anode) -A high potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target (opposite charges attract)
X-rays have _______ and _______ properties
Electrical, Magnetic
Sine waves
repeating sinusoidal waveforms created by changes in the electromagnetic field
3 sine waves
Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency
Photon
smallest unit of EM energy
Quanta
bundles of photons
Characteristics of Radiation
-Travels in straight lines at the speed of light -Affects photographic emulsions -Affects biological tissues (ionizes atoms) -Cannot be focused or refracted -Cannot be detected by human senses
The Primary X-Ray Beam consists of…
-Focal spot -Primary x-ray beam -Radiation field -Central ray -Collimator
Scatter Radiation
Created when a portion of an x-ray photon’s energy is absorbed, radiation scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter
What is the primary source of occupational exposure
Scatter radiation
Primary Radiation
The x-ray beam that leaves the tube and is not attenuated, except by air
Remnant (Exit) Radiation
What remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter