Exam Revision Sem 1

Double membrane Cellular respiration Makes energy available for the cells activities

Modifies proteins and packages them for secretion from the cell

Involved in the reproduction of the cell

Provides a surface for chemical reactions

Contain digestive enzymes When particles/liquids enter the cell they form vesicles in cytoplasm, lysosomes join these vesicles and break down material

Membrane separates from cytoplasm, stores energy and genetic information (DNA)

All the requirements of a cell and the organelles must pass across the membrane

Chemical substances occurring as granules or liquid droplets in the cytoplasm

Semipermeable Separates cell from neighbouring cell Separates intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid Gives the cell structure

Requires no energy, moves with the concentration gradient examples include diffusion, osmosis

Require energy, move against the concentration gradient Examples are active transport, vesicular transport

Diffusion of water, requires channel proteins Movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

When large molecules are too big to pass through channels, they attach to a binding site on the carrier (proteins are specific)

Movement of substances in vesicles across the membrane.

Removing a liquid/solid out of the cell Vesicle formed inside the cell via the Golgi apparatus Vesicle then fuses with cell membrane and contents are pushed outside into extracellular fluid.

Taking liquids/solids into a cell Cell membrane folds around the particle and encloses, forming a vesicle Vesicle then suspended in the cytoplasm

Movement of liquid into cell

Movement of solids into a cell

Where the body systems work together to make sure the cellular environment stays constant. (Temperature and fluid concentration)

A passive process where particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration, require no energy and move against the concentration gradient

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

There is the same concentration of solute molecules inside and outside the cell

Solute outside the cell is low concentration (10%) inside the cell higher solute conc (90%) When water moves into the cell osmotic pressure increases

Greater concentration of solute molecules outside the cell rather than inside Water moves outside the cell causing it to shrink.