Diabetes

food/macromolecules, digestion, transport into the blood, endocrine system, then respiration (if there is no diabetes disruption)

Affects a person’s ability to produce or respond to insulin which results in abnormal blood glucose (prevents glucose from being in the cell for respiration)

includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

made of carbon and oxygen, primary source of energy for living organisms, usually sugar or starch (made by glucose), made of polar molecules called monosaccharides

made of fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) and sometimes a sugar or phosphate group, saturated fats have higher melting points and no double bonds = more energy

made of amino acids (polar monomers) but the exception is carbon-hydrogen bonds which are nonpolar

Affects where a molecule can go, what it can do, solubility (like dissolves like) and transportation; polar molecules have charged regions and can dissolve in water

a molecule will act nonpolar if a chain of 5 carbons have no partial charge (continuous row)

polar molecule made of nucleotides

most end in -ase, are catalysts bring molecules (substrates) together or hold them in position to make it “easier” to create products

enzyme shape shift when bound to substrate to change its shape to cause a reaction

temperature (higher temp, more KE, faster reaction rate) pH substrate amount (more substrate, faster reaction rate)

Small intestine = small folds for long SA (more nutrients absorbed)

Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer where only nonpolar molecules can pass

polar: has charged region, interact well with water (dissolve) nonpolar: mostly nonpolar bonds, interact badly with water(don’t dissolve)

transmembrane proteins: extended through the entire phospholipid bilayer

transmembrane proteins, active transport vs passive transport

nonpolar molecules only (movement from high to low concentration)

uses channel or carrier or transporter proteins, movement from high to low concentration, passive transport

done through pumps, etc. requires energy/ATP, can move against the concentration gradient

polar/polar or nonpolar/nonpolar hydrophilic dissolves in water, hydrophobic does not

need a chaperone or carrier protein, blood carrier proteins move nonpolar molecules through water-based blood, membrane carrier proteins move polar molecules through

rapid transmission of electrochemical messages that are targeted and short-lived, signal sent through blood stream

a network of glands in our bodies that secrete hormones into the blood, many glands work together to achieve homeostasis