Atomic Structure

• the smallest part of an element • invisible, but broken down into many different subatomic particles • made up of protons, neutron and electrons

Same number of protons; different number of neutrons

electromagnetic waves can travel through space + depending on wavelength, through matter.

c= y x v v= frequency y= wavelength c= velocity of travel (speed)

Line Spectrum: when energy is supplied to individual elements they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions at particular wavelengths. Each element has its own characteristic spectrum, known as a line spectrum (not continuous) • each element emits specific wavelengths • each wavelength corresponds to a discrete amount of energy

• can be used to identify particular elements, as each element has its own, unique emission spectra • energy supplied to electrons= electrons become energy and becoming EXCITED (move from ground state to excited state) • When electrons drop from a higher level to a lower level they emit energy • energy corresponds to a particular wavelength and shows up as a line in the spectrum • when electrons return to ground state, the lines occur in the ultraviolet region

electorns found in orbitals, each orbital can contain a maximum of 2 electrons each with opposite spins

The orbitals with the lowest energy are filled first each orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons HUNDS RULE: orbitals within the same subshell are filled singly first

CHROMIUM: [Ar] 4s1 3d5 COPPER: [Ar] 4s1 3d10 IRON: [Ar] 3d6

S» SPHERICAL P» DUNG BELLS, 3 TYPES: PX (cross) PY AND PZ(sideways) (vertical)

HOT OBJECT: continous spectra (all the frequencies of light) Hot Gas: certain little lines (certain frequencies OF LIGHT) discontinous spectra

-absorbtion of energy -from ground state to excited state emmision +aborbtion =complete spectra

• positive proton in nucleus • electrons moving around it • each orbit has a definitive energy associated with Citi

electrons in their lowest energy level; with energy it can move to its excited state (other levels)

the electronic configuration

emission spectra consist of discrete lines representing transients between the levels; if electors could be anywhere he spectra would be continuous; the convergence of lines in the spectra show that successive levels get closer in energy