Host Microbe Interaction
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Clinical Infection
Infections with signs and symptoms
Sub-clinical Infection
Infection with pathogen but no symptoms
Iatrogenic Infection
From a medical practitioner / intervention (hospital)
How are respiratory infections transmitted?
• Droplets (cough-sneeze) • Saliva • Soil-dust • water aerosols
Zoonoses is a term used for what kind of disease?
Diseases transmitted by vectors (insects and animals)
Endemic
Disease present in a community (region) all the time, usually only clinical in a few
Epidemic
Wide spread disease within a community (region), affecting many people but only occasionally present
Pandemic
Wide spread epidemic, not confined to a single community or region (more than one continent)
Sporadic
Widely scattered disease, occurring singly, irregularly, infrequently
Epidemiology
The study of the spread, frequency, distribution of disease
Explain the difference between Morbidity and Mortality
Mortality: Number of deaths caused by infective agent Morbidity: Number made ill by infective agent
Explain the difference between Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence: Number of new cases over specific period Prevalence: Number of cases (infected or diseased) at a given time (old and new cases)
In epidemiological terms how would you classify the disease “AIDS”
AIDS is a pandemic; wide spread epidemic
What factors influence the spread of disease in a community?
• Virulence of the pathogen • Pathogen transmission mode • Population susceptibility and immunity
List four ways of preventing the spread of disease in a community
• Immunisation • Prevent contamination of water supplies • Isolate diseased persons • Educate the public
Which disease of the following disease type would most likely spread quickly through the Perth community and why? Gastroenteritis, STI, Respiratory disease
STI; HPV 53 was the most prevalent in a WA study, can be spread quickly and easily
What are the two branches of the immune system?
Innate: Non specific defences which do not require previous exposure to foreign agent Adaptive: Response based on specific recognition of invader (foreign agent), consists of antibody mediated and cell mediated responses
How does skin protect against bacteria?
• Contains normal flora to provide competition for pathogenic microbes that want to grow on the skin
What white blood cells (WBC) types are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils
What type of white blood cell (WBC) is mainly involved in the adaptive immune system?
Lymphocyte
What antibody types are involved in the primary and secondary immune response?
Primary: IgM Secondary: IgG
What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
T-lymphocyte
List the ways antibodies fight infection.
• Neutralise viruses and toxins • Trigger phagocytosis • Aggultination
List the antibody isotypes
• IgG • IgA • IgM • IgE • IgD