Photosynthesis

• Plants • Algae • Prokaryotes

Process where sunlight is converted into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates

• Light Reactions • Calvin Cycle

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Endergonic and requires energy that comes from sunlight

A discrete quantity of light with a specific quantity of energy

Entire range of electromagnetic energy

Substances that absorb visible light of specific wavelengths

Graph showing the ability of a pigment to absorb different wavelengths of light

In thylakoid membranes

Primary light-capturing pigment

Accessory pigment that works in conjunction with chlorophyll a

Accessory pigments that broaden the spectrum of light that can drive photosynthesis

Thylakoid membranes

• Supply energy needed to drive the Calvin Cycle • Transfer electrons and protons from water to NADP+ forming NADPH • Produces ATP through an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

The eventual production of ATP using light energy

• Captures solar energy • Contains photosynthetic pigments • 2 types of photosystems (II and I)

By exciting electrons to a higher orbital

Makes ATP and NADPH that can be used in the Calvin cycle

1H2O + 1.5ADP + 1.5phosphate + 1NADP+ + light -> 0.5O2 +1.5ATP + 1NADPH + H+

• Chemical energy from the light reactions are now used to produce the sugar G3P • Uses ATP and NADPH to generate sugar

After three turns of the Calvin cycle one G3P molecule is made

• CO2 enters from the atomosphere • Process where CO2 bonds with the first compound in the Calvin cycle • mediated by enzyme rubisco

3CO2 + 6NADPH + 9ATP + 5H2O -> 1G3P + 6NADP+ + 9ADP + 8phosphate + 2H+