Skeletal System
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State six functions of the skeletal system?
• Provide support as a structural framework and attachment for tendons and ligaments • Protect the internal organs (brain, heart lungs, etc.) • Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles) • Store and release calcium and phosphorus • House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells • Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
Name the two divisions of the skeleton?
• Axial Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton
State the specific function for the Axial Skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body & consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral colunm
State the specific function for the Appendicular Skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the forelimbs and pelvis. It provides mobility for manipulation & locomotion
Name the 5 types of bones?
• Long bone • Short bone • Sesamoid bone • Flat bone • Irregular bone
Name the cranial bones?
• Parietal Bone • Frontal bone • Occipital bone • Temporal Bone
Describe the collective function of the cranial bones?
Enclosed & protect the brain. The outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilize & move the head.
Name the four major facial bones?
• Nasal bone • Zygomatic bone • Maxilla bone • Mandible
State three functions of the paranasal sinuses
• Reduce the weight of the skull • Help to resonate vocal sounds • Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify & warm air.
State three functions of the vertebral column
• Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs • Surrounds & protects the spinal cord • Provides attachment points for the ribs & muscles of the back & neck.
• Name the five sections of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each section
• Cervical vertebra (7) • Thoracic vertebra (12) • Lumbar vertebra (5) • Sacrum (5 fused) • Coccyx ( 4 fused)
Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column
• Cervical curvature • Thoracic curvature • Lumbar curvature • Sacral curvature
Name and describe three abnormalities of spinal curves?
Kyphosis – A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve. Most common in older females with osteoporosis Lordosis – Accentuated lumbar curve. May be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body Scoliosis – Lateral curvature of thoracic region. More common in females, often occurs in later childhood.
Describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen contains spinal cord - intervertebral foramen provides the entry & exit of the spinal nerves
State the location and function of the intervertebral discs?
• Located between adjacent vertebrae - Absorbs the compressive force and permits movement of the vertebral column
State three functions of the thoracic cage?
• Protects heart, lungs & great blood vessels • Supports the shoulder girdles & upper limbs • Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest & shoulders
Label the landmarks of the sternum?
• Suprasternal notch • Manubrium • Sternal angle (Angle of louis) • Body • Xiphoid process
State the number of ribs?
12 pairs of ribs
Explain the difference between true and floating ribs?
• First 7 pairs of ribs attach to sternum via costal cartilages (true ribs) • 11th & 12th pair are ‘floating ribs’ because their cartilages are embedded in the muscles of the lateral body wall
State the function of the clavicle and scapula?
• The clavicle transmits the mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk • The scapula forms the shoulder joint with the humerus, provides a point of attachment for muscles, contains the glenoid cavity
Describe the function of the glenoid cavity?
• The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket for the head of the humerus
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)?
• Humerus, ulna & radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
State the function of the pelvis?
• Pelvis provides strong/stable weight-bearing support
Label the bones of the pelvis?
• Hip bone • Sacrum • Sacroiliac • Coccyx • Pelvic brim • Acetabulum • Public symphysis