Ecology
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What is the process of cellular respiration? (mitochondria parts)
Controlled release of energy from glucose to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ATP → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + P (recycled by adding inorganic P with glucose energy) C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Mitochondria has outer membrane, wavy inner membrane, inner matrix Glycolysis: cytosol of cell (1st step, few min) Glucose → 2 pyrovate → yield 2 ATPs Does not require oxygen Oxygen present (aerobic, long time) Krebs cycle: matrix of mitochondria; pyruvate → CO2 and 2 ATPs Energy leftover (NAD+) Electron transport chain: inner membrane of mitochondria; NAD+ electrons passed along, releasing energy, to water → 34 ATPs per glucose Total: 38 ATP/glucose No oxygen present (anaerobic, 2 min) Lactic acid fermentation: cytosol of cell; pyruvate → lactate to blood, liver → oxygen debt In liver: lactate → pyruvate (need oxygen); use in krebs and ETC or store as glucose in glycogen Total: 2 ATP/glucose
Describe energy and biomass pyramids *units
Energy pyramid: flow of energy from one tropic level to the next in a community kJ/m2/yr; 1% of sunlight to 1°p, 10% in following levels Heat loss, unconsumed parts, unused parts (fiber) make up 90% of energy Biomass pyramid: total dry mass of all organisms (g/m2); more dramatic than energy pyramid
What are the parts (chloroplasts, cells, pigments) and processes of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast organelle: cytoplasm is stroma, thylakoid rings are connected and have membrane Gas exchange and evapotranspiration via stomata: Epidermal (outer) cell, stomatal pore between 2 guard cells Pore opens / closes for in CO2, out O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 Light reactions: split H2O into oxygen (byproduct) and hydrogen; form ATP from ADP+P and NADPH from NADP+ to go to Calvin cycle Calvin cycle fixes (inorganic → organic) CO2 to make sugar; requires hydrogen and energy Chlorophyll A and B are the main photosynthetic pigments of plant, cause color change when die in fall Carotenoids are accessory pigments
How do greenhouse gases work?
25% - 30% of short wave solar radiation absorbed by atmosphere; most of rest converts to heat Earth surface re-emits long wave radiation, 70% - 85% captured by greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases warm earth (without it would be cold) Different gases insulate and last differently