Unit 2.8
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What does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels result in?
Higher levels of glucose in blood that stays high for a long period of time.
What happens more often with people with diabetes?
Their blood sugar levels go up and down throughout the day constantly but their chances are larger and happen more often than people without diabetes.
How does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels affect the endothelium?
The endothelium cells take in more glucose than normal, damaging the blood vessels.
What does high concentrations of glucose increase?
The rate of fatty deposits under the endothelium (atherosclerosis).
In large blood vessels, what can atherosclerosis lead into once developed?
• Cardiovascular disease • Stroke • PVD
Small vessels damaged by elevated glucose levels can result in what?
• Blood vessels in the retina • Renal failure • Peripheral nerve dysfunction
Why do blood glucose levels in the body need to stay at a constant level?
So that there is always enough glucose in the blood to be delivered to cells for respiration.
What part of the body has glucose sensing receptors and what do they do?
They are in the pancreas and they respond to changes in blood glucose concentration by releasing insulin and glucagon.
What hormone is released when blood glucose is high and what hormone is released when blood glucose is low?
High = Insulin Low = Glucagon
What does insulin and glucagon produce)
Insulin —> glucose —> glycogen Glucagon —> glycogen —> glucose
During exercise and fight or flight responded adrenaline is released by what gland?
Adrenal gland.
What does adrenaline stimulate and what does it result in?
Adrenaline stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion resulting in an increase in blood glucose concentration.
When insulin goes down, what 3 things go up?
• Adrenaline • Glucagon • Blood glucose
When will blood glucose levels rapidly rise?
After a meal.
What are the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1: - Develops in childhood/teens - Caused by genetics - Incapability to produce insulin - Cells destroy insulin - Daily injections can help it Type 2: - Develops later in life - Bring overweight increased chances - Cells less sensitive to insulin - Cells to react to insulin - Lifestyle changes/medication and help it
What test is used to diagnose diabetes?
Glucose tolerance test.
Blood glucose concentration of an individual are measured after what?
Fasting.
What solution does an individual drink during a glucose tolerance test?
Glucose solution.
Changes in blood concentration are measured for how long?
2 hours.
What is the difference between a diabetic and a non-diabetic person that performs the glucose tolerance test?
Blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than a non diabetic. A diabetic’s blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level of a non-diabetic person and takes longer to return to its starting concentration.
What is an obese person at greater risk if?
• Type 2 diabetes • Cardiovascular disease
What is commonly used to measure obesity and why can it be wrong?
Body mass index is used but it does not take muscle mass into account.
What number or greater on the BMI indicates a persons obesity?
30 or over.
What change in diet should be seen of an obese person?
A limit on fats and free sugars.