Anatomy And Physiology
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What is pharmacology ?
The study of a drug effects on living systems which encompasses beneficial and harmful effects
What is pharmacy ?
Is the profession where you use your application of drug knowledge on patient care.
Tell me about the empirical era of medicines ?
This would use a trial and error approach. Knowledge was passed through generations Natural products such as willow bark, opium poppy and foxglove were used
Tell me about the revolution of isolation ?
This is when the active ingredient was identified such as morphine and salicylic acid, you could purify and standardise but there was still no understanding of mechanisms
What is toxicity ?
It’s the study of adverse effects and poisoning which is essential for safe practise
Tell me about the age of synthesis?
This is the modifying of natural products and creating new products such as aspirin was found to be salicylic acid with an acetyl group .
What are the 2 branches of pharmacology?
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Wha is Pharmacokinetics ?
This is the what the body does to the drug. And it determines drug concentration at the site of action ADME
What does ADME stand for ?
Absorption Digestion Metabolism Excretion
What is pharmacodynamics?
This is the study of what the drugs does to the body. Drug - receptor interactions Dose response relationships
What is the formal definition a drug ?
A substance when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect
How does aspirin work ?
Aspirin molecule enters the body and binds to the COX-1 enzyme specifically which blocks the production of prostaglandins. This reduces platelet aggregation and prevents unwanted clotting. Less prostaglandins means less inflammation so less pain
What makes a good medicine ?
Chemical stability for storage Metabolic stability for duration Therapeutic dose above toxic dose Fewer side effects Reached target site Suitable duration of action
What are the 4 proteins that drugs bind to ? REIT
Ion channels 5% Enzymes 25% Transporters 5% Receptors 45%
Where do most drugs bind ?
To a receptor protein 45%
What are the non protein targets drugs bind to ? -20%
DNA/RNA replacement and gene therapies
Why is binding being reversible important?
Allows us to control the effect of duration. Enables dose adjustments
Why are drugs selective?
Molecular recognition Binding forces Chemical complementarity
What does molecular recognition mean ?
This is a 3D dimensional shape matching like lock and key model
What is chemical complementarity ?
Charge distributions Hydrogen bonding patterns Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
What are binding forces ?
Multiple weak interactions Usually reversible
What are 2 models for drug receptor interactions ?
Lock and key and induced fit
Diffence between lock and key and induced fit ?
Lock and key , the substrate which would be the receptor is rigid whereas in induced fit both the drug and receptor can slightly change shape ( tertiary structure) and they are not perfectly complementary to each other whereas in lock and key it’s a perfect match
What at are the different types of action at receptors ?
Agonist Antagonist Partial agonist Inhibitor