Atomic Structure (P1+P3)

The amount of energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms in the gaseous state.

1st = K - K+ + e- 2nd = K+ - K2+ + e- 3rd = K2+ - K3+ +e-

nuclear charge distance from nucleus shielding

expected = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 correct = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

d block elements are more stable when they have a full or half full subshell

electrons are removed from the 4s subshell 4s = first in first out

Expected= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 correct= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6

IE decreases atomic radius increases shielding increases

Atomic radius decreases shielding stays same

• acceleration - positive ions attracted to negative plate and accelerate towards it • Ion drift - ions will pass through a hole in negative plate heavier particles cant keep up with lighter ones • detection - each ion hits detector it gains an electron current is proportional to relative abundance.

• allows ions to be accelerated towards negative plate • allows ions to be detected

• High energy electrons • fired at sample with electron gun • which knocks off 1 electron X(g) - X+(g) +e-

• Sample dissolved in volatile solvent • injected through hyperdermic needle connected to high voltage power supply • particles gain a proton X(g) + H+ - XH+(g)

(mass x abundance)+(mass x abundance)+(mass x abundance) / total abundances

mean mass of an atom / 1/12 mass of an atom of C12

1/2 mv^2

V= Square root of 2KE/M