Chapter 23 respiratory
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The respiratory system contributes to homeostasis by
providing for the exchange of gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide—among the atmospheric air, blood, and tissue cells. It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids.
Your body’s cells continually use oxygen (O2) for
the metabolic reactions that generate ATP from the breakdown of nutrient molecules.
Because an excessive amount of CO2 produces acidity that can be toxic to cells,
excess CO2 must be eliminated quickly and efficiently.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems cooperate to
supply O2 and eliminate CO2
Failure of eitherthe cardiovascular system or the respiratory system disrupts homeostasis by
causing rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and buildup of waste products.
In addition to functioning in gas exchange, the respiratory system also participates in
regulating blood pH, contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air.
As in the digestive and urinary systems, which will be covered in subsequent chapters, in the respiratory system there is
an extensive area of contact between the external environment and capillary blood vessels.
respiration is
The process of supplying the body with O2 and removing CO2
respiration has three basic steps
Pulmonary ventilation external (pulmonary) respiration internal (tissue) respiration
Pulmonary ventilation (pulmon- = lung), or breathing, is
the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs. Inhalation permits O2 to enter the lungs and exhalation permits CO2 to leave the lungs.
External (pulmonary) respiration is
the exchange of gases between the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.
Internal (tissue) respiration is
the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration
The respiratory system (RES-pi-ra-tōr-ē) consists of
the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs
Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts:
(1) The upper respiratory system (2) the lower respiratory system
The upper respiratory system includes
the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures;
the lower respiratory system includes
the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Functionally, the respiratory system also consists of two parts.
(1) The conducting zone 2) the respiratory zone
The conducting zone consists of
a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. These include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
What is the function of the conducting zone
to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
The respiratory zone consists of
tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar saccules (sacs), and pulmonary alveoi
What is the main function of the respiratory zone
the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
During respiration
the body is supplied with O2 and CO2 is removed.
otorhinolaryngology
The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)
What are the functions of the respiratory system
Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells. Helps regulate blood pH. Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat.