Plants
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What needs must plants have to fulfill without moving (as they’re sessile)
• Acquiring energy • Acquiring nutrients • Acquiring water • Performing gas exchange • protecting themselves from predators • Reproduction
How do plants gain.. Energy? Nutrients? Gas Exchange Protection Reproduction
ENERGY: Through photosynthesis NUTRIENTS: roots WATER: roots GAS EXCHANGE: photosynthesis/cellular respiration PROTECTION: Toxings, protective structures REPRODUCTION: Sexual/asexual but they cannot move!!
What did plants evolve from? How long ago?
They evolved 500 million years ago from green algae that lived in the ocean.
Are monocots or dicots better than each other?
NONE are necessarily better than the other
What is the basic design of a plant?
• Underground root system • Above ground shoot system
What are the three main (non reproductive) organs in plants?
Leaves Stems Roots
What is dermal tissue in a plant made out of?
Cellulose
What is ground tissue in a plant made out of?
Starch
What is the function of dermal tissue? What is the function of vascular tissue? What is the function of ground tissue?
DERMAL TISSUE: Outermost cell layers, protection VASCULAR TISSUE: - Xylem and phloem - Transport and support GROUND TISSUE: - Structure, storage and support
What are petioles? What is a blade?
PETIOLES: Attaches the leaf to the stem BLADE: The flattened area of the leaf
What does the waxy cuticle of a leaf help with?
Prevents water loss, protects leaf from insects, bacteria etc.
What does the epidermis of a plant do?
Provides structure to the leaf
What is mesophyll?
The cells within the leaf that perform photosynthesis. Can be grouped into two types - palisade and spongy
Explain the structure of palisade mesophyll cells
Cells are tightly packed and arranged to maximize exposure to the sun
Explain the structure of Spongy mesophyll cells
Cells are loosely packed to allow for maximum gas exchange
How do gasses pass in and out of the leaves?
There are openings in the epidermis called Stomata (singular, stoma) The opening and closing of guard cells is controlled by water movement
What functions do leaves perform?
• Photosynthesis • Gas exchange • Protection • Storage EVERYTHING BUT REPRODUCTION!
Explain photosynthesis
The purpose of photosynthesis is for plants to use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
Explain chloroplasts
Specialized structures in plant cells that absorb light and turn it into energy that the plant can use Each chloroplast contains photopigments which absorb particular wavelengths of light
What role do stems play in a plant?
• Connect vascular tissue of roots to leaves • Provide structural support to leaves and reproductive organs • Raise leaves so that they can be exposed to sunlight • Raise reproductive organs so they are in an ideal position • Stem can also store food • Protection and storage
Two types of stem
HERBACEOUS - Green and soft, must regrow every year WOODY - Have a VASCULAR CAMBIUM that allows for new xylem and phloem to be produced every year - Old layers of Xylem fill up with resins and oils, harden and are no longer functional This is wood!!
Types of modified stems
Rhizomes are thick, fleshy stems that grow on or just below the soils surface Tubers are stems that grow underground. They have a lot of stored food in them and have eyes that grow into buds Bulbs are underground stems surrounded by modified leaves
Functions of roots
• Anchor the plant • Absorb nutrients • Absorb water • Storage of water and carbohydrates
What are the two root systems? Explain each of them.
TAPROOT SYSTEM: - One think main root - Dandelion FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM: - Many small roots - Often shallower than taproots - Grass