Bonding

The strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised negative electrons.

Metallic lattice.

Metal atoms can lose up to 3 electrons to have a full outer shell. When metal atoms bond to other metal atoms the electrons lost form a sea of delocalised electrons around positive metal ions.

• Draw at least 6 metal ions (2 rows of 3) • Write charges of each metal ions • Draw correct number of delocalised electrons

• Number of protons, the more protons, the stronger the nuclear attraction and so stronger bond • Number of delocalised electrons, the more of them , the stronger the bond • The size of the ion, the smaller the ion the stronger the bond

They are good conductors because the negative delocalised electrons can move freely and help transfer the kinetic energy through the metals/ carry current.

Very strong because there is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive metal ions and negative delocalised electrons.

Yes because there are no bonds holding specific ions together so rows of metals can slide past one another.

Yes because of the strong electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and negative delocalised sea of electrons.

Metals are insoluble (except in liquid metals) because of the strength of the metallic bonds.

The electrostatic force of attraction between positive ions and negative ions. It is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal.

Solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity because, particles are held in a fixed position and cannot flow. When ionic compounds are molten or in solution, they do conduct electricity as the ions are free to move.

Brittle, and they shatter easily because the rows of ions slide past each other causing the two fragments to repel each other.

High because the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions is so strong so a lot of energy is needed to break them. Therefore, ionic bonds are solid at room temp.

They dissolve in water because water molecules are polar so water molecules pull the ions away from the lattice and cause it to dissolve.

A shared pair of electrons between two atoms.

• Force of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and outer shell electrons when a covalent bond is formed • An electrostatic repulsion between the two positive nuclei and also two electrons • Attraction forces are stronger than the repulsion forces and so atoms are held together e.g H2

Where both the shared electrons come from the same atom.

• One atom required at least two electrons to fill its outer shell. This atom is electron deficient • One atom has a lone pair of electrons on its outer shell which aren’t already involved in chemical bonding. This is the atom which donates the pair of electrons

By an arrow, it points from the atom which donates the pair of electrons to the atom which accepts the pair of electrons.

Yes.

Simple molecular or giant covalent lattice.

Atoms within the small molecules are held together by strong covalent bonds. These separate simple molecules are then held together by much weaker forces called intermolecular forces.

• Van der Waals forces • Permanent dipole-dipole forces • Hydrogen bonding