Carbohydrates

Lactic acidosis: associated with hypoxia or decreased tissue oxygenation

Lactic acidosis: caused by metabolic disorders such as DM

Glycogen storage diseases: accumulation of glycogen primarily in skeletal muscle

Glycogen storage diseases: Liver forms but rarer

Glycogen storage disease: severe liver form with cardiac & skeletal muscle disease

(1) the size of the base carbon chain, (2) the location of the CO function group, (3) the number of sugar units, and (4) the stereochemistry of the compound.

have the same order and types of bonds but different spatial arrangements and different properties.

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form.

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage.

are the chaining of 2 to 10 sugar units,

are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units.

The most common nonreducing sugar

The conversion of amino acids by the liver and other specialized tissue, such as the kidney, to substrates that can be converted to glucose is called

the process by which glycogen is converted back to glucose-6-phosphate for entry into the glycolytic pathway.

Decomposition of fat

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.

result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion.

abrupt onset, insulin dependence, and ketosis tendency.

One or more of the following markers are found in 85% to 90% of individuals with fasting hyperglycemia:

adult onset of the disease and milder symptoms, with ketoacidosis seldom occurring.

any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.