Test #1 (Semester 2)

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome, used as vectors to insert DNA

gene carriers to insert DNA during genetic engineering (plasmid, viruses, liposomes)

cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA or DNA profiles (protects bacteria against viruses)

single stranded ends of the DNA and are used to join together the fragments created by restriction enzymes

labeled complementary piece of nucleic acid used to find a specific gene within a mass of DNA (during southern blots)

insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

formed when two fragments of DNA cut by the same restriction enzyme come together,and join by base pairing.

Electric gradient moves DNA through agarose gel creating Readable pattern of DNA fragments.

Small because they can work their ways through the gel easier

negative because it moves toward the positive electrode in electrophoresis

tool that copies DNA pieces quickly

Solve crimes, identify bodies, identify paternity, diagnose genetic diseases

DNA polymerase (to copy DNA)

Main goal - deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and insert it into a bacteria Form genetic clones • Gene is identified by a probe • cut gene using restriction enzyme • cut plasmid using same restriction enzyme • Insert gene into a plasmid, sticky ends fuse • Plasmid inserts gene into a bacteria • bacteria makes of desired protein

insulin, factor VII, cellulase (jeans), “snow” protein

uses probes to bind to DNA bands in gel to make a permanent Xray image of DNA profile

• collect DNA/cell sample • Extract DNA from cell and purify • copy DNA with PCR • cut DNA with restriction enzymes • sort DNA pieces with electrophoresis • tag DNA bands with probe • make permanent with Southern blot

any cell (blood, semen, skin, hair root)

used to make the gel in electrophoresis

international project that found the DNA code of humans

James watson (started), Dr. Francis (finished)

created a fast way of sequencing a gene using computers

uses electrophoresis to find the order of the bases of a gene/piece of DNA

small ball of lipids with a gene inside that acts as a vector to insert DNA during engineering